专题限时集训9　主旨大意之概括全文主题和段落大意（7页）

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专题限时集训(九)　主旨大意之概括全文主题和段落大意

A (2019·福建省三校联考)

I arrived at this beautiful Spanish island at the start of September，full of enthusiasm and eager to start working as an English teacher.I sorted all the necessary paperwork out and moved into a flat of my own within the first couple of days. Great，or so I thought.At 4 a．m. and at several intervals after that，I was rudely awoken by the cock that lives opposite me.Fantastic！I now have 5 extra alarms every morning.

In the following weeks，I also started to notice a trend.Things in my flat started to break at the rate of one object per day，like the hot water line，bowls，cups，the shower，doors or glass shelves.Yes，I am clumsy but things just fell apart.If it wasn't broken，it would either be dirty or missing.Using my washing basket for the first time was pretty disgusting.When I took out my clothes，they were swiftly followed by a hundred or so bugs that were living in the bottom.

As for the general lack of equipment in the house，there was no oven，tin opener，sharp knives or potato peeler.It turned out making a burger from scratch wasn't the best idea.I had a small microwave and a grill.I thought the general understanding was never to put metal in a microwave but I went on.Smoke soon started to appear.I was not quite sure if it was the burger or the grill but as soon as I opened the door，the electricity cut out.I spent the following 10 minutes in a dark，smoky room hunting for the power switch using the light from my mobile phone，which broke the week after and left me without a connection to the outer world.

Luckily，I'm now borrowing a phone and my luck has returned.No more things have broken(probably because there is nothing left to break)．I've also realized that even if a flat looks pretty，it doesn't mean its contents work.I am also learning how to adapt to life with limited，broken utensils(用具)．

【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。“我”去西班牙的一个漂亮的小岛上做英语老师，虽然拥有自己的公寓，可里面的生活用具很陈旧，给“我”的生活带来了诸多不便，但也让我学会了如何利用有限的生活用品生活。

1．What problem did the author have in the morning?

A．She often slept late.

B．Her alarm failed to work.

C．She got some noisy neighbors.

D．Her sleep was disturbed by a rooster.

D　[考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“At 4 a．m. and at several intervals after that, I was rudely awoken by the cock that lives opposite me”可知，凌晨四点开始，每隔一会儿，作者就被对面公鸡的打鸣声吵醒；据此可知，作者的睡眠被公鸡打鸣声打扰了，故D项正确。]

2．What can we know about the author from Paragraph 2?

A．She was a very careful woman.

B．She was quite satisfied with her flat.

C．Her flat was pretty old but comfortable.

D．Her household articles were in poor condition.

D　[考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句可知，作者所住的房子的东西每天损坏一件；据此可推知，作者所使用的日常用品很破旧，故D项正确。]

3．What happened when the author was making a burger?

A．She was seriously injured.

B．She made a terrible mistake.

C．She broke her phone accidentally.

D．She suffered a sudden power failure.

B　[考查推理判断。根据第三段第三、四和五句，并结合该段其他内容可知，作者将金属烤架放进微波炉里，启动后发生了故障，电源被切断；据此可推知，作者在制作汉堡时犯了个错误，故B项正确。]

4．What is the text mainly about?

A．Remaining optimistic.

B．How to choose a nice flat.

C．Learning to live in a new flat.

D．Why living abroad is not easy.

C　[考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，文章尾段尾句是全文的主题句；结合全文内容可知，文章通过讲述作者在西班牙的一个小岛上做英语老师时如何使用住房内的破旧日常用品生活的故事，说明了应当学会适应生活的道理，故C项正确。]

B (2019·山西省六校测试)

World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5th and was created to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe.

The very first World Environment Day took place in 1974，established by the United Nations General Assembly on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment that took place in 1972.Each year the United Nations pick a theme and a host city where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others，followed by different kinds of exhibits to promote environmental awareness.Environmentalists，academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.

The 2018 World Environment Day is hosted by India，and the theme is Beat Plastic Pollution.It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags to reduce the production and use of disposable plastic，which makes up 10% of all of the waste.Even though the United Nations pick a specific host city every year，people around the world still celebrate World Environment Day in their hometowns with parades(游行)，concerts，cleaning up and tree planting and all kinds of green actions to work towards having a beautiful planet and battling pollution.

World Environment Day is not a public holiday，so you won't be getting the day off work or school，but if you want to celebrate，why not bring it to the attention of your parents，friends，colleagues or classmates？World Environment Day is all about working together to take action for the planet，so try to get everyone you know interested in helping do something.Things as small as making sure people have a way to recycle can make a difference.You could also try beautifying your neighborhood by planting gardens，learn about green foods，raise money for a local wildlife conservation group of simply learn about the effects of different products on the earth.

【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界环境日的由来和情况，呼吁全员行动起来帮助保护地球。

5．Why is World Environment Day set up?

A．To make people know more about nature.

B．To ask people to help to protect the globe.

C．To warn people of the danger of air pollution.

D．To encourage people to plan the earth's future.

B　[考查细节理解。从第一段中的不定式所作的目的状语to inspire可以看出，世界环境日的目的是鼓励人们积极参与环境保护并学会很多方法来帮助确保地球将来的安全，故选B。]

6．What do people do on World Environment Day?

A．Decide a host city.

B．Hold a theme party.

C．Discuss environmental ideas.

D．Show some plastic products.

C　[考查细节理解。从第二段中的“where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others”以及第二段最后一句可以看出，人们主要是在这一天讨论环境问题。]

7．Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to “disposable” in Paragraph 3?

A．High-cost.　　　 B．Poor-quality.

C．Second-hand. D．Single-use.

D　[考查词义猜测。从第三段中的Beat Plastic Pollution可以看出，2018年的主题是“塑战速决”，再结合画线词前面的It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags和后面的which makes up 10% of all of the waste可知，disposable plastic造成大量资源浪费，所以“一次性的”符合语境，故选D项。]

8．What's the main idea of the last paragraph?

A．Every bit of effort counts.

B．Doing is better than saying.

C．Many hands make light work.

D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.

A　[考查段落大意。根据最后一段的内容可知，世界环境日不是公共节日，所以人们不放假。但如果你想庆祝的话，为何不让你周围的人关注它呢？所以最后一段主要是讲每个人都可以从身边小事做起，行动起来保护地球，每个人的微小努力都很重要，故选A项。]

C (2019·武汉市部分学校调研测试)

The police recently caught the suspected Golden State Killer using a tool they could only have dreamed of decades ago，when a shocking series of murders shook California：a database filled with people's genetic data(基因数据)．

The police used an open-source database called GEDmatch to find relatives who matched genetic material taken from at old crime scene，then worked backward to identify and catch the 72-year-old former police officer Joseph James DeAngelo.

GEDmatch's 950，000 users voluntarily upload and share their genetic information，making it accessible to others who share their own data—including law enforcement agencies(执法机关)．More than a dozen other similar platforms also exist.“If your relatives have contributed and you are part of even a family tree that appears online in one of these shared resources，you can be indirectly tracked through the combination of their DNA and the publicly available family history，”says Dr Robert Green，a medical geneticist at Harvard Medical School.

Date sent to commercial companies like 23andMe，which has over 5 million customers，is much tougher for outsiders to access，but the case has still highlighted the issue of genetic privacy.

Although many genetic-testing companies have been asked to cooperate with legal investigations，and clearly warn customers of this possibility，not all requests are honored.“23andMe has never given customer information to law enforcement officials，”a company representative told Time.

The risks of keeping such sensitive date private are high.The potential for abuse exists；for example，insurance companies could theoretically use genetic date to refuse coverage(保险范围)，Green says.But the systems in place to prevent misuse appear to be working.One is the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008，a law that protects consumers from employment and insurance discrimination related to genetics.As long as that's the case，Green says，the good of genetic tests outweighs the bad.

Sharon Zehe，a lawyer for the department of laboratory medicine and pathology at the Mayo Clinic，takes a more cautious approach.“Family tree services can be fun，but make sure you are using a reputable organization that has strong privacy policies in place，”she says.“Genetic data is biologically as important as a fingerprint.”

【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。警方利用遗传基因数据库技术识别并逮捕了“金州杀手”嫌疑人。合法使用基因数据库技术可以帮助警方破案，但是基因数据库的保密风险很高，一旦泄露将对个人隐私造成严重的危害。

9．Who is the Golden State Killer?

A．Robert Green.

B．Joseph James DeAngelo.

C．The author.

D．Sharon Zehe.

B　[考查细节理解。通读第一、二段可知，第一段为事件概述，第二段展开事件细节，根据第二段可知，警方利用数据库技术，识别并逮捕了72岁的前警官Joseph James DeAngelo；结合第一段内容可知，“金州杀手”的嫌疑人是Joseph James DeAngelo，故B项正确。]

10．What drives the users to upload their genetic data?

A．The police's force.

B．Their relatives' advice.

C．The boss's order.

D．Their own willingness.

D　[考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句中的GEDmatch's 950，000 users voluntarily upload and share their genetic information可知，用户是自愿上传并分享他们的基因数据的，故D项正确。]

11．Who might misuse customers' genetic data?

A．The police.

B．GEDmatch.

C．Insurance companies.

D．23andMe.

C　[考查细节理解。

　根据第六段第二句中可知，保险公司有可能滥用基因数据，故C项正确。]

12．What is the main idea of the text?

A．Genetic data is equal to a fingerprint.

B．A 72-year-old killer was put into prison.

C．Murders cause concern for genetic privacy.

D．Genetic information is shared on the Internet.

C　[考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，警方利用遗传基因数据库技术识别并逮捕了“金州杀手”嫌疑人，这引起了人们对遗传基因数据技术的关注：合法使用基因数据库技术可以帮助警方破案，但是基因数据库的保密风险很高，一旦泄露将对个人隐私造成严重的危害。故C项最能概括文意。A、B、D三项都是文章的细节之一，不能概括全文。]