经济论文：英国留学生经济类论文例文：财政优化策略：Fiscal optimal structure and efficiencyx

经济论文：英国留学生经济类论文范文：财政优化策略：Fiscal optimal structure and efficiency

The so-called modern agriculture is a relatively traditional agriculture is concerned, is widely used in mechanical , chemical and biological technology as the core of modern science and technology and modern industries and scientific management of production agriculture . Its basic feature is an open matter and energy cycle , you need to invest heavily from outside agriculture to accelerate energy and material development of agricultural production . As agriculture has a long payback period , high risk ( agriculture subject to a double risk that natural risks and market risks ) , investment income and the low rate of strong external economic and other characteristics, market mechanism alone will lead to underinvestment in agriculture , slow process of modernization of agriculture , rural development can not meet the new requirements. To correct market failures , to speed up the process of agricultural modernization , the promotion of new rural construction , the government should implement preferential policies for agriculture , increase investment in agriculture . As the UK agricultural foundation is weak, the funding gap is relatively large agricultural inputs , agricultural investment funds currently limited . How to make the most effective use of limited funds , catching high "industry feeding agriculture ," the performance is particularly important . Although the impact of "industry feeding agriculture " performance of many factors , but to improve the efficiency of financial support for agriculture is undoubtedly the most important, and the efficiency of justice and Fiscal Fiscal structures are closely related. So, explore the optimal structure of financial support for agriculture in order to improve the efficiency of financial support for agriculture funds , is the development of modern agriculture , building a new socialist countryside a major issue.

所说的现代农业是相对传统农业而言，是广泛认为合适而使用以机械、化学和有生命的物质技术为中心的现代科技和现代工业供给的生产手段和科学管理的农业。它的基本独特的地方是事物和能+羭縷的开放式循环，需求从农业之外投放数量多的能量物质和事物来加速农业出产的进展。

Relevant domestic fiscal expenditure structure of agriculture and agricultural GDP correlation literature much, more representative of the following aspects : Lihuan Zhang , Qian Zhong Long ( 2004 ) using MW Rosegrant and Pardey Institute identified investment lag and weights will flow into the stock of each period , and then , using the production function fiscal expenditure categories measured marginal product effect, draw England fiscal Expenditure project marginal effect on output level in the order of : Technology Promotion marginal maximum output effect , followed by capital expenditure , production expenditures and operating expenses worst. The advantage of this approach is to analyze the flow of investment into the stock , eliminating the impact of financial investment on agricultural GDP lag ; disadvantage is poor accuracy , because the resulting financial investment stock of assets is difficult to quantify , the stock and difficult to quantify precisely the GDP for quantitative analysis, the accuracy of the results can be imagined. Shen Qiong ( 2004 ) using the production function , and take the double logarithmic model, using EVIEWS software Henan Province in 1978 a 2001 intergovernmental fiscal structure of investment in agriculture and agricultural GDP growth between doing regression. This analysis method is simple and clear, high accuracy , the disadvantage is not taken into account the financial impact of investment in agricultural GDP lag, but also on behalf of a single province of the country's difficult situation . This article using SPSS statistical software 1963 2004 British finance investment in agriculture and agricultural GDP in structural analysis of the relationship , hoping to find the most conducive to agricultural GDP growth in agricultural financial investment structure for the relevant government departments to provide reference for decision-making , to optimize the financial structure of agricultural investment , financial investment in agriculture to improve efficiency , and fully reflects the efficiency of agricultural financial investment principles to improve "industry feeding agriculture " effect , accelerate the building of new socialist countryside .

英国财政支农支出项目中际涯产出效应高低的次第为：科学技术三项花销的际涯产出效应无上，基本建设支出次之，出产性支出和事业费最差。这一剖析办法的长处是将各期投资流量转化为存有的数量，消弭财政投资对农业GDP影响的落后性.

A fiscal expenditure on agriculture structure and correlation analysis of agricultural GDP

一、财政对农支出结构与农业GDP的相关性分析

Agriculture is the financial capital of the state budget expenditures for agriculture , including agricultural central budget and local budgets funds in agricultural funds . Agricultural funds covered in broad , including both agricultural production process into fixed and circulating capital , but also including for agricultural production : The service of agricultural research, rural education, agricultural extension , agricultural ecological and environmental protection , water conservancy and meteorological and so on. To facilitate the collection of information and data , in accordance with the current article "British Financial Yearbook " and " Statistical Yearbook of the United Kingdom " as defined in the agricultural finances four components, namely, to support agricultural production and agricultural operating expenses , capital expenditures of agriculture , agricultural science and technology three fees and rural relief funds , the use of Shen Qiong ( 2004 ) analysis method to establish regression analysis model . The results show that fiscal expenditure for agriculture and various parts of the growth of agricultural GDP that year as follows:

First, support for agricultural production expenditures and operating expenses of agricultural output elasticity of 1.079 , indicating that financial support for agricultural production and agricultural spending $ 1 increase in operating expenses can then add 1.079 yuan of agricultural GDP , increase agricultural production and agricultural operating expenses for the year the role of agricultural GDP growth is very significant. The reason may be able to directly support agricultural production and increase the supply of agricultural products , although the price elasticity of demand for agricultural products is small, but in most years the UK relative lack of supply of agricultural products , support agricultural production directly increase the supply of agricultural products , agricultural prices generally do not make decline , therefore, does not fall in the prices of agricultural products under the premise of increasing the supply of agricultural products will be able to increase the agricultural GDP of that year .

Second, agricultural infrastructure charges on the output elasticity of agricultural GDP that year was -0.335 . This shows that the finance for agricultural infrastructure charges $ 1 increase in the year but will reduce agricultural GOP 0.335 yuan , an increase agricultural infrastructure expenses and increase agricultural GDP that year was a negative correlation . This may be the Government's agricultural infrastructure investments, such as building water conservancy projects , the construction of rural roads and other large rural public goods in rural areas need to take up a lot of manpower , material and financial resources. On the one hand , a lot of resources allocated to agricultural infrastructure , leading to the relative lack of investment in agricultural production that year , so that when the reduced agricultural output , agricultural GDP decline ; On the other hand , fiscal year into the agricultural infrastructure of resources, although in its after quite a long time to promote agricultural development , but the increase in agricultural output that year had little effect , so when the agricultural infrastructure charges on the output elasticity of agricultural GDP is negative .

Third , the rural relief funds for the output elasticity of agricultural GDP that year 0.285 , indicating that fiscal relief $ 1 increase in the rural agricultural GDP that year can increase 0.285 yuan , an increase of rural relief funds for agricultural GDP for the year increased more significant . The reason may be the government or temporarily difficult for poor farmers to give money or other relief supplies to help them weather the storm , get relief for farmers to improve their lives some relief items , which will inevitably improve their human resources, increase agricultural the production of human resources input , intensive, so that when the agricultural output increased ; or they put the money for the purchase of relief seeds, fertilizers , pesticides and other production materials , direct increase agricultural production factor inputs , so that when the increase in agricultural output .

Fourth, on the one hand , Agriculture Technology Promotion accounting finance for low proportion of total agricultural expenditure . Before 1963, the British financial expenditure costs are not provided for agricultural science and technology in this one , although after 1963 listed agricultural science and technology costs, but its share of total fiscal expenditure for agriculture in the proportion of 2% ( except for 1966 ) , investment in agricultural science and technology too little it has little effect on agricultural GDP growth : on the other hand , the study also shows that fiscal expenditure on agriculture agricultural Technology Promotion little effect on GDP growth .

Second, fiscal expenditure on agriculture policy options

( A ) to increase financial input in agriculture , the agro- business expense dependents into work

Governments at all levels should earnestly turning their focus towards rural areas, to increase investment in rural areas , the state finance additional education , health, culture and other undertakings funds and investment in fixed assets should be mainly used in rural areas , and gradually increase government land transfer income used rural proportion. To ensure the smooth construction of new socialist countryside conduct , the government should establish a " three rural" stable growth mechanism, actively restructure financial expenditure , fixed assets investment structure , the central and local governments above the county level annual growth rate of total investment in agriculture should above its regular financial revenue growth , the formation of new rural construction as soon as possible a stable source of funding.

Agricultural undertakings overlap overstaffed , ineffectiveness , increased the financial burden , inefficient use of finance . To this end, the relevant departments should be merged to streamline the organization , staff reductions , improve efficiency, reduce the financial burden , the savings funds used to increase agricultural production expenditures, supply of agricultural products in order to improve the quantity and quality ; increase agricultural public product investment , agricultural development to lay a solid foundation to strengthen the rural basic education ; improve the quality of the rural labor force for building a new socialist countryside cultivate new farmers, healthy and coordinated development of urban and rural economy provides a rich quality of rural labor resources.

( Two ) to public needs as the standard, to increase agricultural supply of public goods

1 , increase investment in agricultural infrastructure

One is to do a good job of farmland water conservancy construction . Should strengthen the construction of farmland water conservancy facilities in government work as an important task to speed up large-scale irrigation area and water-saving transformation , improve end-canal construction , the implementation of total irrigation water control and quota management . Expand the scope and implementation of large -scale pumping transformation , increasing subsidies for the construction of small water conservancy scale of special funds . Increase the dam reinforcement , and strengthen medium and small rivers , improve rural water environment . Second, the effective protection of arable land . "Ninth Five " and " fifth" period, China 's arable land is occupied very fast , 10 years, a decrease of 1.2 million mu of arable land , with an average annual reduction of 1,425 acres ; capita arable land area of 1.59 acres have been 10 years ago , was reduced to 2005 years of 1.4 acres, only 40% of the world average . Currently arable land continued to decline , the population is increasing, according to analysis of current trends , by 2020 , the UK will reach 100 million mu of arable land over the gap and land resources grim. In this regard , the need to strengthen and implement the responsibility system for farmland protection , effectively controlling agricultural land into construction land scale : a reasonable guide the rural intensive land conservation , and to prevent damage to agricultural production in the arable layer acts : to increase land reclamation , consolidation efforts. Three is to improve the quality of cultivated land . In accordance with the land flat , fertile soil , road drainage matching requirements, accelerate the construction of Hanlaobaoshou , high yield high- standard farmland : accelerate the implementation of soil engineering , focusing on product made of organic fertilizer and fertilizer integration facilities, to encourage farmers to develop green manure , straw and manure ; enhance soil organic matter subsidies to expand the scale and scope of the pilot project : increasing agricultural comprehensive development investment, and actively support the high standard of farmland . Fourth, accelerate the development of rural clean energy. Continue to increase investment in rural biogas construction , support qualified to carry out local farms and medium-sized biogas . Positive development in appropriate areas of straw gasification and solar , wind and other clean energy, green energy demonstration counties to speed up the implementation of northwest China one million solar cookers construction project.

2 , speed up construction of rural social security system , building a harmonious society

UK long-term neglect of rural social security , urban and rural social security resource allocation imbalance. From the National Social Security expenditures of the situation, 80% of the total population of farmers entitled to only about 10% of social security spending , while 20% of the total population of the urban population , but accounted for 90% of social security costs . Social security costs per capita terms , urban residents are farmers more than 20 times . Even specifically for actual social security system in rural areas , their coverage is also very narrow , for example , the rural cooperative medical system in 1997 -1998 years after the peak of population coverage in high-income areas only up to 22.2% , while in secondary and underdeveloped regions of only 1% -3%. Currently, the government should establish a nationwide rural minimum living security system , local governments should be based on local economic development level and financial situation , determine the minimum target range , the standard , the central government should encourage subsistence allowances system has been established in areas improve the system, support unestablished areas as quickly as possible , the central government on the financial difficulties of regional grant appropriate subsidies . Wherever conditions permit , you can explore the establishment of various forms of rural endowment insurance system. Government should attach great importance to the cause of rural people with disabilities , people with disabilities in rural areas to increase relief efforts. Peasant migrant workers to properly resolve the practical difficulties of the family , they were necessary assistance and relief , and strengthen the monitoring of various types of geological disasters , do relief work , through the establishment of a sound social security system in rural areas , and effectively enhance the safety of the masses , in order to build harmonious society and lay a solid institutional foundation .

3, to improve the quality of the rural labor force , in order to enhance the contribution of science and technology to agricultural development lay a solid foundation

Recently the British rural population and scientific and cultural quality of rural labor force overall low level of junior high school education accounted for 50.2% of primary and lower education accounted for 37.3 percent of rural residents elementary and junior high school education in the total population accounted for 75%. The fifth national census data show that in every 100,000 people , college and higher education of the population , the rural town 21 times ; school and secondary education population , rural towns are 4.1 times ; junior middle school education level of the population urban and rural areas largely unchanged : the primary education of the population in rural areas is 1.9 times the town ; illiterate population in rural areas is 2.9 times the town .

Farmers are the main body of the new rural construction , only continue to improve the quality of the rural labor force to the British abundant rural labor resources into human resources, better play hundreds of millions of farmers in the new rural construction in the main force. Government should form a large scale multi-channel training of farmers , greatly enhance the quality of the rural labor force , and continuously improve the ability of farmers to get rich . Therefore, the Government should "doing" , on the one hand to develop agricultural science and technology to enable farmers to have more and more effective agricultural farming techniques to reduce pests and increase agricultural production , etc. ; the other hand, the need to increase funding for education in rural areas , in order to reinforce the development of agricultural science and technology based on the promotion of agricultural science and technology play efforts. Specific measures include: First, the implementation of a new farmer training project . Governments at all levels should focus on local specialties and pillar industries of agriculture to agricultural technology and management expertise , focusing on rural youth through exemplary training to improve farming skills , and promote scientific farming : Second is to organize the implementation of rural practical talents. Relying on Agricultural Broadcasting and Television School and agricultural vocational schools , secondary education for rural training with the breeding experts and business genius ; Third, expand the labor force training "Sunshine Project" scope . To train a large number of rural expertise to master , able to adapt to the second , three technology-based industrial development needs of migrant workers , and promote the transfer of rural surplus labor to ease tensions between rural people and land .

Third, the increased expenditure on agricultural production , promoting agricultural modernization

Agricultural production is the core of the new rural construction , but also the farmers to increase the main channel. The rise and fall of agricultural production not only affect the success or failure of new rural construction , and will affect national economic development and social stability. To promote the sustainable development of agricultural production to ensure the steady development of the national economy and social stability , the government should:

1 , a sound system of agricultural support subsidies to ensure food security

To continue to consolidate , improve and strengthen the already implemented in recent years, the subsidy policy , and gradually form a clear goal , to benefit directly , diverse , easy to operate system o