专业英语课后翻译参考(二班)

专业英语课后翻译参考

Unit1

2、词组翻译

（1）受弯构件（2）临界屈曲荷载（3）长细比（4）短柱（5）折减模量

（6）effective length （7）residual stress

（8）trial and error approach （9）radius of gyration

（10）tangent modulus

3、英译汉

(1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable.

在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有达到，然而，一些荷载偏心是不可避免的

(2)In many instances the members are aslo called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column.

在许多情况下，需要构件能够抵抗弯矩，并在这些情况下，构件是梁柱。

(3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit---that is, the member is still elastic---the critical buckling load is given by Q.

如果该构件是是细长，则在屈曲前应力就低于比例限制---也就是说，该构件仍然是弹性---由公式Q 给出该临界屈曲荷

载。

(4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members.

L/r 是长细比，是衡量受压构件的长细的一种方法，对于细长的构件它具有较大值。

(5)If the stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear,and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used.

如果在构件发生屈曲时应力的大小超过了材料的比例极限，应力与应变之间的关系不是线性的，弹性模量E的不能再使用

(6)If the member is more stocky, as the one in Fig.1.1b, a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability.

如果构件更为粗壮，就像图1.1b所示的，那么需要更大的荷载来使构件产生失稳。

(7)The tips of the flanges, for example, cool at a faster rate than the junction连接of the flange and the web. This uneven cooling induces stresses that remain permanently.

例如，轮缘的尖部比轮缘的结合部以及中部冷却的速度更

快。这种不均匀冷却引起的应力会长久的存在。

(8)In 1947, F.R.Shanley resolved the apparent inconsistencies in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, Eq.1.3, is accepted as the correct one for inelastic buckling. 1947年，FRShanley解决原有理论的明显的矛盾，所以现在切线模量计算公式 1.3，作为非弹性屈曲正确公式是被人所接受的。

(9)The composite curve, called a column strength curve, completely describes the stability of any column of a given material.

复合曲线，称为柱强度曲线，完全描述了任何一个给定的材料柱的稳定性。

(10)Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best.

实际上几乎不可能设计一个无摩擦的连接，甚至此支撑条件也充其量只能达到近似。

5、汉译英

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Unit2

2、词组翻译

（1）横截面（2）弯矩（3）活荷载

（4）重力（5）建筑规范

（6）functional design （7）nonstructural components （8）nonprofit organization （9）the Uniform Building Code （10）the Standard Building Code

3、英译汉

（1）The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(结构钢) or reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整体比例) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撑结构) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members.

建筑的结构设计，不论是用结构钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料，都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小，以及选择单个构件的截面尺寸。

（2）The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down.

建筑师决定建筑物的外观，结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。

（3）A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面图)-that is, different arrangements of members and their connections.

一个好的设计，要求要评估不同的框架平面图，也就是说，对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。

（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both.

然而，在做任何分析之前，必须决定建筑物的使用材料，通常可以是钢筋混凝土，结构钢，或者两者公用。

（5）All of the loads mentioned thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.

目前为止所提到的荷载，均是由于重力而产生的，或者被当作是重力荷载。

（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects.

若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除，则疲劳应力就会成为问题，我们必须考虑它的影响。

（7）Since lateral loads(侧向荷载) are most detrimental(对有害) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋顶体系) can be critical.

由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害，因此，对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至

关重要的。

（8）A structural analysis of the effects of an earthquake requires an analysis of the structure’s response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake

分析地震对结构的作用，需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。

（9）Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液体静压力) and soil pressure

其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别，例如液体静压力和土压力。

（10）Although some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model”(典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs.

虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范，但是许多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑规范，即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。

5、汉译英

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Unit4

2、词组翻译

（1）持续荷载（2）水泥凝胶体（3）水灰比

（4）结构的稳定性（5）伸缩缝

（6）moisture content （7）cement paste

（8）the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete

（9）permanent plastic strain

（10）the fatigue strength of concrete

3、英译汉

(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads.

混凝土的体积变化的原因可以归结为水分含量,水泥和水的化学反应，温度以及施加荷载的变化。

(2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.

高早强和低热水泥的收缩量超过普通硅酸盐水泥。

(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage.

骨料含量越大，收缩越小。

(4)Therefore, cracks may develop in concrete when a high percentage of steel is used.

因此，当使用高比例的钢铁时将可能产生混凝土裂缝。(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.

一般来说，在硬化过程中初期的收缩率很高，但在稍后阶段混凝土收缩率逐渐减小。

（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to develop over a period that may last for years.

在持续荷载的作用下，塑性变形会继续发展一段时间，可能持续数年。

(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load.

徐变随着作用在相同强度相同加载时间的混凝土试块的应力的增加而增加。

(8)Creep is reduced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air

蠕变随着周围的空气湿度增加而减少。

(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.

蠕变随着试件尺寸增大而减小.

(10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as the

proper use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.

高温蒸汽养护或者使用合适的塑化剂的混凝土将会减小徐变。.

5、汉译英

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（2）There are many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete, such as cement and water content, gradation of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on.

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Unit5

2、词组翻译

（1）建筑规范（2）随机分析（3）多层建筑

（4）规范规定的数值（5）瞬时活荷载

（6）random variation （7）semiempirical equation

（8）wind tunnel testing（9）sustained live load

（10）nominal value

3、英译汉

(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (e.g. , dead load )or load surveys (e.g. , live load and snow load). 建筑规范荷载传统上是给出标准值，这个标准值是根据材料

的性质（如，恒载）或负载调查（如，活荷载和雪荷载）的基础上确定。

(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(严格来讲), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(随机分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依赖).

由于载荷的随机变化是时间以及一系列其他因素的函数，建筑模型，严格来说，应利用随机分析将这些因素考虑进去，以反映时间和空间互相依赖关系。

(3)For example, American live load criteria are based on a reference period of 50 years, while Canadian criteria use a 30-year interval

例如，美国活载标准是根据50年的基准期，而加拿大的活载标准使用的是30年的间隔。

(4)Building codes treat these effects as static phenomena and relate them to the actual conditions through semiempirical equations(半经验公式).

建筑规范视这些影响为静态现象，并通过半经验方程与实际情况相联系。

(5)The response of a building, however, will be different for different materials, depending on the type of load.

然而，建筑物的反应，将因材料的不同而不同，这还取决于负载类型。

(6)There are many types of loads that may act on a building structure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般说明) of the characteristics of the most important ones.

有许多类型的荷载，可能在同一时间或者不同时间作用在同一个建筑物上，本节提供一些最重要类型的特征的一般说明。

(7)The dead load includes not only the self-weight of the structure, but also the weight of permanent construction materials, partitions, floor and ceiling materials, machinery and other equipment, and so on.

恒载不仅包括结构自身的重量，而且还有永久性建筑材料，隔板，地板，吊顶材料，机械和其他设备的重量，等等(8)Live load, are more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久设施)

活载，更准确的是重力活荷载，即通常是结构上不属于永久性设施部分的荷载。

(9)The live load on the structure at any given time is also called the arbitrary point in-time live load.

在任意给定时间作用在结构上的活荷载也被称作任意时间点活荷载。

(10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value; the maximum lifetime(50-year) live load may be a certain amount larger.

在任何时间结构活荷载一般远低于规范值，使用寿命（50年）中最大的活载可能是一个更大的确定值。

5、汉译英

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Unit6

2、词组翻译

（1）施加荷载的大小（2）拟静力荷载（3）平面结构（4）面荷载（5）塑性材料

（6）suspension structure （7）stress is proportional to strain （8）deformation of the structure（9）analytical model （10）elastic material

3、英译汉

(1)Furthermore, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible, and aesthetically pleasing fulfillment of a function that dictates(指示) the form, material, and manner of loading of a

structure.

更进一步的说，满足建筑物的安全、适用、可行、美观的功能，决定了结构的形式、使用的材料以及荷载的形式。(2)Fig.6.1 illustrates schematically(按图说明) the relationships among the function a structure is to fulfill, the form and material and loading on the structure, the behavior of the structure ,and the analytical model of the structure.

图6.1说明，满足结构功能、结构的形式、结构的材料、结构的荷载、结构的性质以及结构的分析模型之间的关系(3)At this point(此时此刻) we need to discuss some of the aspects of structural behavior indicated in Fig.6.1 and to explain their respective（相互）relationships to the form and material of the structure.

此时此刻，我们需要讨论图6.1表示的结构性能的某些方面和解释它们与结构的形式和材料之间的关系。

(4)Materials may be classified as elastic, plastic,or viscoelastic. 材料可分为弹性，塑性，或粘弹性。

(5)The deformations of viscoelastic materials depend on time and therefore load history, whereas the deformations of elastic and plastic materials do not.

粘弹性材料的变形取决于时间和加载历史,而弹性和塑性材料的变形却不是这样。

(6)Energy is generally lost if a system does not recover its initial shape after unloading owing either to plastic behavior of the material or to frication forces within or between parts of the structure .

如果一个结构体系在卸载之后不能恢复到原先的形状，则能量一般会丢失，原因是材料的塑性性能，或结构各部分内部之间的摩擦力。

(7)All these behavioral aspects of the structure will have a significant influence on the nature of the analysis used in studying the structure.

所有这些结构的性能方面将对用于研究结构的分析方法产生重大影响。

(8)In addition, in developing the analytical model it will be necessary to consider whether the structural material is homogeneous(均匀的) or nonhomogeneous and whether it is isotropic, orthotropic, or anisotropic

此外，为了进一步发展分析模型，将有必要考虑结构材料是均匀（均匀的），或者是非均匀、是各向同性、正交各向异性，或者是各向异性。

(9)it is important to recognize at the outset(起初) that the concepts that will be presented can be extended to the solution of many other classes of structural problems, including those

involving(涉及) dynamic response(动力响应), material and geometric nonlinearities, inelasticity, instability, and continuous systems.

重要的是，在一开始就认识到，这些将要呈现的概念可以扩展到许多其他种类的结构问题的解决，包括这些涉及动态响应，材料和几何非线性，非弹性，失稳和连续系统。(10)Loads usually need be treated as dynamic only if they are periodic in nature or they are applied very suddenly.

只有当荷载在本质上是定期或施加很突然，则负载通常需要被视为动态的。

4、汉译英

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（2）In structural design, it is the need for a safe, serviceable , feasible.

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Unit7

2、词组翻译

（1）不排水沉降（2）承载能力（3）场地调查（4）砖石建筑（5）横向支撑

（6）ultimate bearing capacity （7）immediate settlement （8）surface surcharge （9）hydrostatic pressure

（10）saturated cohesive soils

3、英译汉

(1)Most building damage that occurs because of foundation movement occurs when unforeseen(不可预见的) soil conditions arise; inadequate site investigations(实地勘测) and a lack of understanding of soil behavior are largely the root causes(根本原因).

大多数建筑物损坏的出现是由于不可预见的土壤条件的出现而产生的基础运动引起的;现场调查的不足和缺乏对土的性能的了解是最大的根本原因。

(2)In heavily overconsolidated clays, therefore, since the yield point will be very high, settlement calculations can be based on elastic theory, using parameters referred to effective stresses.

因此，对于超固结很大程度的粘土，因为屈服点将会很高，沉降可以根据弹性理论来计算，这个弹性理论使用的参数跟有效应力有关。

(3)A large part of the remainder(剩余) of the chapter is devoted to(专注于) a detailed study of the consolidation process and to methods of assessing(评价) resulting(产生) settlements.

本章的其余大部分都用来描述固结过程的研究和估算产生沉降的方法。

(4) The radial extent(径向伸长) of some tree root systems is greater than the height of the tree; they may also reach depths of several meters.

一些树根系的径向长度比树的高度更大，它们也可能达到数米深处。

(5)One of the most important soil properties in the context of foundation engineering is its compressibility

与基础工程有关的最重要的土壤特性之一是它的可压缩性。

(6)Terzaghi assumed that both the soil particles and the pore water are incompressible.Therefore, the magnitude of the settlement is related directly to the change in volume of the voids, and the rate of settlement in a saturated soil is governed by the rate pore water escapes from the voids.

太沙基假定土壤颗粒和孔隙水两者都是不可压缩的。因此，沉降的大小与孔洞的体积的变化有直接的关系，在饱和土中沉降的速率取决于孔隙水从孔洞的逸出速率。

(7)Soil is a particulate material, so its stress-strain properties are much more complex than those of other more familiar materials such as steel.

土壤是一种特殊的材料，所以它的应力-应变性质的复杂性远大于其他更熟悉的材料,如钢材料。

(8)The process of consolidation is intimately tied with the

buildup and dissipation of excess pore water pressures and the corresponding changes in effective stress.

固结过程是与超孔隙水压力的形成和消散以及相应的有效应力的改变密切相关的。

(9)The test procedure and methods of correcting the test results to compensate for sample disturbance decribed in Chapter 4.

修改实验结果以弥补样品干扰的试验过程和方法在第四章中描述。

5、汉译英（书上有的直接写页数、段落、行数）

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Unit8

2、词组翻译

（1）化学成分（2）冷加工（3）正态分布曲线（4）局部破坏（5）脆性破坏

（6）stress-strain curve （7）tensile fracture

（8）heat treatment （9）repeated loads

（10）variable amplitude stress cycles

3、英译汉

（1）The important mechanical properties of most structural

steels under static load are indicated in the idealized tensile stress-strain diagram shown in Fig.8.1.

在静态荷载下的大部分结构钢的重要力学性能是用图8.1的理想的拉伸应力-应变曲线表示。

(2)The values of E vary in the range 200000-210000Mpa, and the approximate value of 200000Mpa is often assumed.

E的值在200000-210000Mpa之间波动，一般假定逼近值为200000Mpa。

(3)Beyond this limit the steel flows plastically without any increase in stress until the strain-hardening strain εst is reached.超过这个极限，刚的塑性流变不增加任何应力,直到达到应变硬化的εst值。

(4)The rate of straining affects the yield stress, and high rates of strain increase the upper or first yield stress, as well as the lower yield stress Fy.

应变速率会影响屈服应力，高的应变速率会增加高的屈服应力或产生第一个屈服应力值，同样可以增大低的屈服应力Fy。

(5)For design purposes, a “minimum’ yield stress is identified for each different steel classification.

从设计角度看，对于不同的钢材类别可以由相应的最小屈服应力值来识别。

(6)Consequently, it is likely that an isolated test result will be significantly higher than the quoted yield stress.

因此，独立的测试结果很可能显著地高于引用的屈服应力。

(7)Perhaps the most generally accepted theory of two-dimensional yielding under biaxial stresses is the maximum distortion energy theory.

或许大多数普遍接受的在双轴应力下的二维屈服理论是最大的变形能量理论。

（8）Joints should generally be arranged so as to minimize stress concentrations and to produce as smooth a ‘stress flow’through the joint as is practicable.

节点应当布置得使应力集中减少到最小，以使通过节点的‘应力流’尽可能平滑。

(9)Brittle fracture is initiated by the existence or formation of a small crack in a region of high local stress.

脆性破坏的产生是由于在局部应力高度集中的区域存在或形成小裂缝。

(10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so stress concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrangements (including impact loading) are dangerous.

高度局部应力促使裂缝的产生，因此由于差的几何形状和荷载布置(包括冲击载荷)而产生的应力集中是危险

5、汉译英

(1)通常认为单向拉伸确定的屈服应力Fy单向压缩也正确。The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accepted as being valid for uniaxial compression.

（2）显著影响疲劳强度的因素有荷载循环次数、荷载循环中的应力幅以及局部应力集中的大小。

Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations.

（3）疲劳设计出考虑容许应力外还应考虑节点的位置。Designing against fatigue involves a consideration of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress.

（4）结构钢不总是表现出延性特性，在有些情况下，即使名义拉应力很低，突然的、灾难性的断裂也会发生。Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, even though the nominal tensile stresses are low. （5）结构刚的延性取决于钢材的组成、热处理方法和钢材的厚度，并且随温度和应变率的变化而变化。

The ductility of a structural steel depends on its composition, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and

strain rate.