科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文DOC

科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文

谈科技翻译中英语知识特点

摘要：随着国民经济建设和国防建设的发展，科技翻译在科研、实验、设计、加工、科技信息和科技管理中充当着日益重要的角色，因此提高科技翻译能力是很有必要的。本文从翻译学习的角度阐述了科技翻译中英语知识特点。

关键词：科技翻译　英语知识　翻译方法与技巧

从明末清初的科技翻译至今，人们对科技翻译的需求越来越大。这个“信息爆炸”的时代，无论是高校的科技教学与交流，还是社会经济的科技创新和经济发展，都离不开科技翻译。翻译的方法、样式、标准和风格无不与时俱进。但是科技翻译中英语知识特点是不变的。

一个翻译人员，如果他的外语达不到他母语水平的60％－70％，就很难胜任有关的翻译工作。一篇科技文章中其实只有少量自己特定的东西，大多背景和术语都是差不多的。真正着手时翻译人员会发现没有想象得那么难。一个文科出身的翻译人员，如果不能从事工程技术等翻译工作，并不是因为受文科专业的限制，而是其本身的功力不够。是否具有扎实的英语知识是影响科技翻译的决定性因素。

科技翻译几乎涵盖了所有理工常见的学科、专业和行业，而且是一种跨文化和地域的交流活动。这些特征决定了翻译人员只有具备较高的英语知识技能水平，才能提高双语对比知识及运用的能力，进而拓展更有广度的知识结构面和培养思维转换应变能力。所以，要真正提高科技翻译水平，必须了解科技翻译中英语知识特点，努力在实践中提高自己的科技翻译水平。

一、英语词汇

科技翻译中的英语词汇要注意到词汇量和专业术语这两个方面。词汇量少，望文生义会导致把握词语的准确度差且错词率高。科技作品中，不同的专业有不同的专业术语，不能随意改换，所以科技翻译人员除了要掌握原语和译入语的基本技能以外，还应熟悉所翻译的专业领域内的技术术语，在翻译时尽量使用这些术语，特别是针对一些概念性词汇。比如，在同一篇科技译文中，科技名词、专业术语务求统一，原则上还必须采用国家自然科学出版机构的词典或者其他有关政府部门规范所规定的名词术语。

对于词汇的翻译，有三方面的影响因素。首先，许多科技词汇是通过构词法而来，对其词义的推敲便离不开词素的语义语境，所以，了解英语构词法对我们准确理解科技术语词义和翻译科技术语是有帮助的。此外，周围词和所在句及所在段落影响一个词的词义，该词词义的确切含义通常需要从其词语语义语境、句子语境或段落语义语境中获取。如原文：science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.译为：科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲。这里的reach不应该为原意“到达”，根据语境引申为“边陲”。再次，大量科技新成果的出现导致大量科技新词的产生。遇到新词时，有必要请教专业人员或查阅相关工具。

二、造句

科技文章的造句也讲究文采，这种文采体现在：长句的逻辑性、表达客观和描述练达。这也是准确、规范达意并及时有效的翻译不可或缺的途径。把握好句子的文采不仅节省读者看原文时拆解长句的时间，而且使他们得以专心致志地研读原文的技术内涵，快速进入阅读状况。反之，如果翻译还得让读者去揣摩核对原文和译文，就违背了我们科技文献翻译的初衷。

1、大量使用长而复杂的句子是科技文章的一大特点。汉语长句与英语长句在结构上不同，汉语句子结构比较松散，主句与从句之间缺乏应有的连结，但意义的连贯、起、承、转、合一般都隐含在字里行间；而英语长旬的脉络比较清楚，很容易从形式上加以判断。因此，翻译长句的基本要点是如何组织句子，翻译时要避免翻译为英语的流水句和复杂句。

如：pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.

译文：理论科学的主要任务是发展理论，建立宇宙间各种现象之间的关系。

分析：这里把英语名词development和establishment转换成汉语动词“发展”和“建立”。双语的灵活转换增强了译文的准确性和流畅度。

2、科技文章中“非人称主语+人称主语使用的动词谓语”的现象由客观性决定，所以翻译时少用人称主语，而多用非人称主语。

3、为使科技翻译避免表达臃肿，句意不清，应该在充分、正确理解原文的基础上，努力使译文做到言简意赅。

如：in my personal opinion。we must listen to and think overin a punctilious manner each and every suggestion that is offer to us.这样的译文应改写为：we must consider each suggestion carefully.

分析：listen to and think over和in a punctilious manner可以分别概括为简单的词避免冗长，listen to and think over和eachand every同义词可以并列，every suggestionthatis offerto us中offer隐含给别人的suggestion，可以替换。

三、语法

如果在语法结构、句型方面不了解中文和英文两种语言表达上的差异，会造成译文的错误。掌握数量、时态、照应和句子成分等基本的语法，利于对原文作出正确的理解，从而提高译文的质量。科技翻译的语法特点表现在：使用一般现在时被动语态及名词化结构。在对原理、规律、性质、特征、科学结论、调查结果和试验数据等客观真理和科学事实的描述时，需要采用一般现在时。翻译中要根据具体情况选择恰当的时态，体现科技文献的客观性；使用被动语态，为避免采用第一、二人称或施事者为主语而造成的主观臆断，被动语态在科技文献中大量使用也使句子意思表达清晰，结构简洁，客观性强。如“必须注意这台机器的功能”可以译为被动句attention must be paid to the function of the machine；采用名词化结构减少主观色彩，用名词作为语句的表述主体可以有助于科技英语描述客观世界，客观地表达技术、学术、专业的内容，体现研究者或表达者的客观态度。一般名词作主语被名词化结构代替，可改变句型和动作行为的表达方式，由表示动作变为表示状态、特征或事实，因而增加表述的客观性。如“this experience removed any magnetism there was in london”中的magnetism就要比

“london was less magnetic”中的形容词magnetic更精准。

四、语篇

语篇，从语言建构功能来看，是不能分割、具有相对独立性且能够单独处理的连贯语言片断。翻译实践也证明，那种字对字、旬对句的观念束缚了译者的大局观，致使译文组织松散，表达不力，削弱了译文的可读性，给译文留下许多遗憾。

如加拿大翻译理论家delisle(1988：10)曾说“翻译的过程充满了艰辛，因为原文中已经明示的内容以及只是隐含的内容都必须在目标语中再现”。每个概念段都有一个核心以及与之相应的附属成分，核心与附属成分逻辑关系明确。科技文体的逻辑性、信息性很强，较有规律性。归纳出其中规律，对这种逻辑关系进行突出，避免信息传递时附属信息对核心信息的干扰，以提高了译文的可读性，有助于读者更好地把握作者欲言。

五、修辞

一般我们习惯于将修辞与文学联系在一起，认为修辞是传递美学信息的。但是科技写作和翻译与修辞的手法是有联系的。修辞从本质上说是抽象的思维物质符号化的一种外在直观的表达形式，而借助语符和修辞手法可以将人们有关科学的思维物质符号化。恰当的文体和修辞手法会使科学的思维和理念展现得准确、简洁有效。

科技论文写作和翻译的修辞是以符合科技论文的要求、以某种程度上有别于文学作品的修辞形式把科学的思维和理念组织、表述和展示出来，使科学的逻辑思维用与之相配的修辞形式，清晰简洁地在译文中得以重现。科技文的翻译研究范围内的修辞是在内容上和表达上偏重于炼字锻句、明确流畅，在形式和结构上偏重于平匀缜密、严谨妥贴。它以在传递科技信息方面以有效地发挥语言的交际功能为要旨，有别于文学体裁中一般概念的美学修辞。科技文章大多用概念、判断、推理等方法说明需要解决的问题具有极强的逻辑性。

六、科技翻译原文涉及的各个学科领域

翻译人员通常被称作是“万金油”，特别是科技人员，他们的专业是无法固定的，说不定遇到什么课题和谈话内容。所以说翻译人员的知识面越宽，就越有助于发展。众所周知，严复提出的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准，但就科技翻译而言，最重要的标准就是准确、客观、规范、简练地表达原文。科技翻译中一般强调“信”的重要性，指的就是科技翻译工作者加强专业学科的学习以及亲身深入科技实践，使科技翻译做到准。

缺乏文化背景知识，就会引起知识运用面狭窄、译文可接受性差，所以，专业知识是影响科技翻译的重要因素。多数科技翻译工作者为高校的外语专业毕业生，对科技的翻译专业知识生疏，因此，应该尽可能地加入企业和单位生产和科技实践，接受潜移默化的技术熏陶，以熟悉每一道工序、流程、技术难点、专业行话等等。实际情况不允许他花上一两年时间去熟悉资料背景的情况下，也可以找几本性质类似的资料，尽可能地了解有关技术内容与文体特点；查阅专业工具书和用互联网对信息进行分类检索义；向专家或作者请教等。走上工作岗位以后，则可能涉及到机械、化工、外贸等多专业知识领域。要求我们不仅要有扎实的外语及本族语语言功底，不断扩大知识面，并且尽可能多地掌握各科技领域专业词汇及缩略语等。

七、结语

翻译界常闻的译事三难，具体到科技英语汉译就是：英语理解难，汉语表达难，专业知识能力要求高。本文对科技翻译中英语知识特点的一般性讨论，有助于翻译实践之前正确地定位自己，使自己进入角色，在实践中改善和提高。

The translation of scientific English translation skills and methods of knowledge in science and technology translation in English translation skills and methods of the knowledge

On the characteristics of English knowledge in science and technology translation

Abstract: with the development of the national economy and national defense construction, technical translation plays an increasingly important role in scientific research, experiment, design, processing, information technology and scientific management, so improve the ability of translation is necessary. In this paper, from the perspective of translation study English knowledge in science and technology translation.

Keywords: translation of scientific English translation skills and methods

Since the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty's translation of science and technology, the demand for the translation of science and technology is more and more big. The "information explosion" era, both teaching and communication of science and Technology University

A translator, if his language is not up to his native level 60% - 70%, it is difficult to do the translation work. A scientific article actually only a small amount of their specific things, mostly background and terminology are similar. The real start when translators will find not so difficult to imagine. A liberal arts background of translators, if not engaged in engineering technology and other translation work, not because of liberal arts professional restrictions, but its lack of skill. Have solid knowledge of English is a decisive factor in influencing the translation of science and technology.

Translation covers almost all science and engineering disciplines, the common professional and industry, but also is a kind of cross culture and regional exchange activities. These characteristics determine the translator must have high level of English knowledge and skills, to improve the ability of bilingual contrastive knowledge and application of knowledge structure, and to further expand the scope of more and thinking transformation strain capacity. So, to improve the level of science and technology translation, must understand the English knowledge in science and technology translation, and strive to improve their level of science and technology in translation practice.

One, the English Vocabulary

Translation of scientific English vocabulary should pay attention to vocabulary and terminology of these two aspects. Vocabulary, take the words too literally can lead to grasp the word accuracy and high rate of wrong words. Science and technology works, different professional terminology is different, can not arbitrarily change, so technology translators in addition to master basic skills of source language and target language, technical terms should also be familiar with the translation of the professional field, use as far as possible in the translation of these terms, especially for some conceptual vocabulary. For example, in the same piece of technology in the translation, terminology, terminology to unification, in principle must also terms stipulated by the National Natural Science Publishers dictionary or other relevant government departments to standardize the.

For the translation of words, there are three factors. First of all, many scientific vocabulary by means of word formation, semantic context, the meaning of study cannot do without or so, understand English word formation for us to understand scientific meaning and translation of technical terms is helpful. In addition, the surrounding words and the sentences and paragraphs of the meaning of a word, the exact meaning of the word is usually obtained from the semantic context, semantic context in the sentence context or paragraph. Such as the original: Science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos. translated as: scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos. Here reach should not be willing to "reach", according to the context meaning "border". Once again, the emergence of a large number of new achievements in science and technology leads to the generation of a large number of science and technology of new words. In a word, it is necessary to consult a professional or related tools.

Two, make sentences

A technical articles also pay attention to literary grace, this literary grace is reflected in: long logic, expression and description of objective particulars. This is accurate, the indispensable means to regulate feelings and timely and effective translation. A good grasp of the sentence will not only save the reader time dismantling sentences see the text, but also make their technical content to devote oneself heart and soul to read text, quickly enter the reading situation. Conversely, if the translation is to let readers try to check the original translation, is against our original intention of science and technology literature translation.

1, use a lot of long and complex sentences is a major characteristic of scientific articles. Chinese English and English long sentences differ in structure, the Chinese sentence structure is loose, a lack of connection between the main clause and the clause, but the significance of coherence, play, bearing, rotating, and generally implied in between the lines; while the English long, context clear, easily from the form to be judged. Therefore, the basic point is how to organize the sentence translation of long sentences, translation should be avoided for the English translation of flowing water sentence and complex sentence.

Such as: pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.

Translation: the main task of scientific theory is the development theory, establishes the relationship between the universe phenomena.

Analysis: the English noun development and establishment into the establishment of Chinese verb "development" and "". Flexible conversion bilingual and enhance the accuracy and fluency of translation.

2, scientific articles "impersonal subject + person subject using the verb predicate" phenomenon from objective decision, so the translation is less personal subject, and more impersonal accustomed to rhetoric is in connection with literature, that rhetoric is conveying aesthetic information. But the scientific writing and translation and rhetoric techniques are linked. Rhetoric is essentially a form of external expression of thinking matter abstract symbols of intuitive, and with the help of language symbols and rhetoric can connect people thinking about science of material symbols. Proper style and rhetoric makes scientific thinking and ideas show was accurate, simple and effective.

Technical writing and translation of rhetoric is to meet the requirements of scientific papers, to a certain degree has rhetorical form different from literary works of the scientific thinking and idea of organization, representation and display, make the scientific logical thinking with the rhetoric form with the match, clarity and simplicity in translation to reproduce. EST translation study within the scope of rhetoric is in the content and expression of emphasis on diction forging sentence, clear and smooth, in the form and structure of emphasis on homogeneous careful, rigorous. It takes in the transfer of scientific and technological information in order to effectively play the function of language communication as the essence of aesthetic rhetoric, there is different from the general concept of literature. Scientific articles mostly use concept, judgment, reasoning that need to solve the problem is very logical.

Six, the science and technology translation involves all fields

The translator is often called a "one size fits all", especially in scientific and technical personnel, their professional is not fixed, perhaps meet what topics and conversation. So knowledge of translators is wider, more conducive to the development of. As everyone knows, Yan Fu's "letter and elegance," the criteria of translation, but the translation of science and technology, the most important standard is accurate, objective, standard, concise expression of the original. In EST translation emphasizes the importance of general "letter", refers to the translation of science and technology workers to strengthen the professional disciplines of learning and personal in-depth practice of science and technology, the science and technology translation standard.

The lack of cultural background knowledge, will cause the knowledge narrow, acceptability is poor, so, professional knowledge is an important factor to influence the translation of science and technology. Most technical translators for College English major graduates, on science and technology Translation of professional knowledge is strange, therefore, it should be possible to join enterprises and units of production and the practice of science and technology, the influence of technology acceptance influence character by environment, familiar with every process, process, technical difficulties, the professional jargon. The actual situation does not allow him to spend one or two years time to get familiar with the data context, can also find several of the similar nature of the data, as much as possible about the relevant technical content and stylistic features; access to professional books and classifies information retrieval meaning to consult experts or the Internet; etc.. Go after work, may be related to mechanical, chemical, foreign trade and other areas of expertise. We are required not only to have foreign language and native language skills, expand their knowledge, and as much as possible to master the technology in the field of special terms and abbreviations.

Seven, the conclusion

Translators often heard the translation difficulties, specific to the EST Translation: English is difficult to understand, difficult to express Chinese, professional knowledge and ability requirements. In this paper, the general knowledge of the English translation of science and technology in the characteristics of discussion, is helpful for translation practice before correctly positioning ourselves, make ourselves into the role, and improve in practice.