Though environmentalists have targeted some herbicides as potentially
dangerous, the manufacturers, to the environmentalists dismay, ------
the use of these herbicides on lawns.
defy
defer
defend
assail
disparage
————————————————————————
答案：(C)
environmentalist: n.1.环境保护论者，人类生态学者 2.环境论者 3.环境艺术家
target: v.以…为攻击目标
herbicide: n.除莠剂，灭草剂
potentially: adv.潜在地，可能地
to somebody s dismay: prep.令人气馁（失望、绝望、幻灭，惊愕等）
defy: v.1.违抗，反抗，蔑视 2.经受得住 3.使成为不可能 4.挑，激
defer: v.1.推迟，拖延，使推迟 2.尊敬，服从，敬重（to）
assail: v.1.攻击，袭击 2.质问，责骂 3.着手解决，毅然对付
disparage: v.1.贬低，轻视 2.底毁，损害…的名声
虽然环保专家们将抨击的矛头指向某些除草剂，抨击某潜在的危险性，但是，令环保专家
们沮丧的是，制造商们却对这些除草剂在草坪上的使用大加辨护。
To believe that a culture s achievement can be measured by the -------
of its written material requires one to accept that a page of junk mail
is as ------- as a page of great literature.
nature.. readable
quality.. prevalent
timelessness.. understandable
applicability.. eloquent
volume.. valuable
————————————————————————
答案：(E)
junk mail: n.三级邮件，（成批大量发出的）邮寄广告宣传品
prevalent: a.流行的，盛行的，普遍的
timelessness: n.永恒，无时间性，永不改变，无始无终
eloquent: a.1.雄辩的，有说服力的 2.富于表情的，明白显示出的（of）
volume: n.1.份量，量，额 2.体积，容积，容量
若要人相信某一文化的成就可凭藉其书面材料的总量来衡量的话，这就需要我们接受这样
一种说法，即一页三级邮件的价值可与一页伟大的文学作品相提并论。
Given the failure of independent laboratories to replicate the results
of Dr. Johnson s experiment, only the most ------- supporters of her
hypothesis would be foolish enough to claim that it had been
adequately -------
fastidious.. defined
partisan.. verified
vigilant.. publicized
enlightened.. researched
fervent.. undermined
————————————————————————
答案：(B)
given a.1.规定的，特定的 2.有癖好的，有倾向的（to） 3.已知的，假设的
replicate: v.复制，摹写
adequately: adv.1.适当地，胜任地 2.足够地 3.勉强够地，差强人意地
fastidious: a.爱挑剔的，过分讲究的
partisan: v.党派的，派性的，偏袒的
verify: v.1证明，证实 2.核实，查对，查清
vigilant: a.警戒的，警觉的，警惕的
publicize: v.引起公众对…的注意，宣传
enlightened: a.开明的，有知识的，摆脱偏见（或迷信）的，文明的
fervent: a.1.炽热的 2.热情的，热诚的，强烈的
undermine: v.1.侵蚀…的基础 2.暗中破坏，逐渐损害（或削弱）
鉴于独立的实验室无法复制出约翰逊博士的实验结果，因此，唯有其假设最偏袒的支持者
才会愚顽至极，竟会声称它早已得到了充分的验证。
Roman historians who study the period 30 B.C. to A.D. 180 can -------
the "Augustan peace" only by failing to recognize that this peace in
many respects resembled that of death.
decry
applaud
ridicule
demand
disprove
————————————————————————
答案：(B)
decry: v.1.（强烈）反对，（公开）谴责 2.诋毁（名声）
applaud: v.1.向…喝彩，给…捧场 2.称赞，赞许，赞成
ridicule v.嘲笑，戏弄，嘲弄
disprove: v.证明…不能成立，证明…虚假（或不正确），反驳
研究公元前30年至公元180年这一时期的罗马史学家们，他们之所以能对“奥古斯都的
太平盛世”大加颂扬，只是因为他们无从认识到，这种所谓的“太平盛世”其实在诸多方面与
死气沉沉相差无几。
Although Tom was aware that it would be ------ to display annoyance
publicly at the sales conference, he could not -------- his irritation
with the client s unreasonable demands.
inadvisable.. evince
efficacious.. suppress
pragmatic.. counter
captious.. express
impolitic.. hide
————————————————————————
答案：(E)
annoyance: n.1.恼怒，烦恼 2.打拢，骚扰
irritation: n.1.激怒，恼怒，生气 2.刺激物，恼人事
inadvisable: a.不可取的，不妥当的，失策的
evince: v.表明，显示
efficacious: a.灵验的，奏效的
pragmatic: a.1.实干的，重实效的 2.实用主义的 3.国事的，国务的
counter: v.1.反对，反击，对抗，反驳，抵消，制止 2.（拳击时）还击
captious: 难以讨好的，吹毛求疵的
impolitic: a.失策的，不当的，不审慎的，没见识的
尽管汤姆意识到，在销售会上公然展示恼怒甚为不妥但面对顾客的无理要求，他却再也无
法掩饰其满腔怒火。
It is no accident that most people find Davis book disturbing, for it
is ------ to undermine a number beliefs they have long -------
calculated.. cherished
annotated.. assimilated
intended.. denied
anxious.. misunderstood
reputed.. anticipated
————————————————————————
答案：(A)
undermine: v.1.侵蚀…的基础 2.暗中破坏，逐渐损害（或削弱）
calculated: a.精心计划的，蓄意的
cherish: v.1.珍视，珍爱 2.抱有，怀有（思想，感情等）
annotate: v.给…作注解（或译注）
assimilate: v.吸收消化，使同化，使趋于一致
reputed: a.1.驰名的 2.被一般认定的，普遍认为的
大多数人发现戴维斯的著作令人不安，这决非偶然，因为它刻意要摧毁人们长期以来所怀
有的信念。
One virus strain that may help gene therapists cure genetic brain
diseases can enter the peripheral nervous system and travel to the brain,
------- the need to inject the therapeutic virus directly into the
brain.
suggesting
intensifying
elucidating
satisfying
obviating
————————————————————————
答案：(E)
virus: n.1.[微]病毒，滤过性病毒 2.病毒病 3.毒液
strain: n.种类
therapist: n.治疗专家
peripheral: a.1.外围的，周边的 2.表面的，周围的 3.无关紧要的
therapeutic: a.1.治疗的，有疗效的 2.有益于健康的
elucidate: v.阐明，解释，澄清
obviate: v.1.排除 2.使成为不必要，避免
某种能帮助基因治疗专家治愈遗传性大脑疾病的病毒种类能进入周围神经系统并传播到大
脑，从而免除了将治疗性病毒直接注射到大脑里的必要。
INDECIPHERABLE: DECODED::
indecisive: advised
insensitive: criticized
unlawful: apprehended
unimaginative: stimulated
unmanageable: controlled
————————————————————————
答案：(E)
不可破译的:被破译了的
犹豫不决的:被建议的
不敏感的:被批评的
不合法的:被逮捕的(理解了的；忧虑的)
缺乏想像力的:被刺激的
不可控制的:被控制的
TWIG: LIMB::
microbe: slide
galaxy: star
doggerel: poetry
plant: root
brook: river
————————————————————————
答案：(E)
小细枝(明白v.):枝条(四肢)
微生物:载物玻璃片(滑动)
星群(显赫的人群):恒星
打油诗:诗歌
植物(工厂):根
小溪:河流
APATHETIC: EMOTION::
curious: self-control
chary: caution
imprudent: discretion
charming : affectation
garrulous: patience
————————————————————————
答案：(C)
无动于衷的，麻木不仁的:感情
好奇的:自我控制
谨慎的:小心谨慎
轻率的，粗心大意的:谨慎
吸引人的:做作
喋喋不休的:耐心
OBSERVE: SCRUTINIZE::
sing: harmonize
question: grill
glance: gape
walk: stroll
speak: whisper
————————————————————————
答案：(B)
观察(评述):细查，细读
唱歌:使和谐
提问:审问，盘问
一瞥:张口呆看
走:溜达，闲逛
说:轻声说
dysfunctional: design
fetid: smell
piquant: flavor
asymmetrical : shape
numb: sensation
————————————————————————
答案：(B)
令人烦躁的:声音
功能紊乱的:设计
恶臭的:味道(闻)
辛辣的:滋味(香气)
不对称的:形状
麻木的:感觉(轰动)
HEDONISTIC: PLEASURE::
narcissistic: self
aesthetic: love
laconic: words
democratic: justice
pragmatic: intellect
————————————————————————
答案：(A)
享乐主义的:愉悦，享受
自恋:自己
审美的，美学的:爱
简洁的:词语
民主的:公正
实际的，实用主义的:智力
TRUMPET: HORN::
note: scale
pedal: piano
bow: violin
tambourine: drum
instrument: orchestra
————————————————————————
答案：(D)
小号:号角，喇叭
音符:音阶
踏板:钢琴
弓子:小提琴
玲鼓:鼓
乐器:管弦乐队
SYCOPHANT: FLATTERY::
extortionist: intimidation
champion: dispiritedness
arsonist : retribution
sociopath: nonconformity
intellectual : speciousness
————————————————————————
答案：(A)
马屁精:恭维，奉承
强求者，敲诈勒索者:威胁，恐吓
冠军:垂头丧气
纵火罪:报应
极端反社会的人:不墨守成规
知识分子:似是而非，华而不实
EPITOMIZE: BREVITY::
propose: agreement
bicker: seriousness
tremble: anxiety
embellish: ornamentation
store : surplus
————————————————————————
答案：(D)
作…的摘要(使成…的缩影，集中体现):简短
提议:同意
斗嘴，争吵:认真
颤抖:焦虑
装饰，润色:装饰
储存:剩余
The Fourteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution, ratified in 1868,
prohibits state governments from denying
citizens the "equal protection of the
(5) laws." Although precisely what the framers
of the amendment meant by this equal
protection clause remains unclear, all
interpreters agree that the framers
immediate objective was to provide a
(10) constitutional warrant for the Civil
Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed
the citizenship of all persons born
in the United States and subject to
United States jurisdiction. This
(15) declaration, which was echoed in the
text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was
designed primarily to counter the
Supreme Court s ruling in Dred Scott v.
Sandford that Black people in the United
(20) States could be denied citizenship.
The act was vetoed by President Andrew
Johnson, who argued that the Thirteenth
Amendment, which abolished slavery, did
not provide Congress with the authority
(25) to extend citizenship and equal protection
to the freed slaves. Although Congress
promptly overrode Johnson s veto,
supporters of the act sought to ensure
its constitutional foundations with the
(30) passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The broad language of the amendment
strongly suggests that its framers were
proposing to write into the Constitution
not a laundry list of specific civil
(35) rights but a principle of equal citizen-
ship that forbids organized society from
treating any individual as a member of
an inferior class. Yet for the first
eight decades of the amendment s exist-
(40) ence, the Supreme Court s interpretation
of the amendment betrayed this ideal of
equality. In the Civil Rights Cases of
1883, for example, the Court invented
the "state action" limitation, which
(45) asserts that "private" decisions by owners
of public accommodations and other
commercial businesses to segregate
their facilities are insulated from the
reach of the Fourteenth Amendment s
(50) guarantee of equal protection under
the law.
After the Second World War, a judicial
climate more hospitable to equal protec-
tion claims culminated in the Supreme
(55) Court s ruling in Brown v. Board of
Education that racially segregated
schools violated the equal protection
clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Two
doctrines embraced by the Supreme Court
(60) during this period extended the amend-
ment s reach. First, the Court required
especially strict scrutiny of legis-
lation that employed a "suspect classifi-
cation," meaning discrimination against a
(65) group on grounds that could be construed
as racial. This doctrine has broadened
the application of the Fourteenth Amend-
ment to other, nonracial forms of
discrimination, for while some justices
(70) have refused to find, any legislative
classification other than race to be
constitutionally disfavored, most have
been receptive to arguments that at
least some nonracial discriminations.
(75) sexual Discrimination in particular,
are "suspect" and deserve this heightened
scrutiny by the courts. Second, the
Court relaxed the state action limitation
on the Fourteenth Amendment bringing
(80) new forms of private conduct within the
amendment s reach.
Which of the following best describes the
main idea of the passage ?
By presenting a list of specific fights,
framers of the Fourteenth Amendment
were attempting to provide a constitutional
basis for broad judicial protection of
the principle of equal citizenship.
Only after the Supreme Court adopted
the suspect classification approach
to reviewing potentially discriminatory
legislation was the applicability
of the Fourteenth Amendment extended
to include sexual discrimination.
Not until after the Second World War
did the Supreme Court begin to interpret
the Fourteenth Amendment in a manner
consistent with the principle of equal
citizenship that it expresses.
Interpreters of the Fourteenth Amendment
have yet to reach consensus with regard
to what its framers meant by the equal
protection clause.
, Although the reluctance of judges to
extend the reach of the Fourteenth
Amendment to nonracial discrimination
has betrayed the principle of equal
citizenship, the Supreme Court s use
of the state action limitation to
insulate private activity from the
amendment s reach has been more
harmful.
————————————————————————
答案：(C)
于1868年批准的美国宪法第十四条修正案禁止州政府剥夺公民享受“平等的
法律保护。”尽管该修正案的制定者制定这一平等保护条款的确切意图是什么现在
仍无人知晓，但所有的解释者一致认为，该修正案制定者的直接目标是要为1868
年的《民权法》提供宪法保障，而1866年的《民权法》则保证，凡是在美国出生
并接受美国司法管辖的人均享有公民权。这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的
宣言，主要是旨在对抗最高法院在“Dred Scott诉Sandford”一案中的判决，此
判决裁定，在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。安德罗·约翰逊总统（President Andrew
Johnson）否决了《民权法》，他论辩道，将奴隶制度予以废除的第十三条修正案，
没有能够为国会提供权力，将公民权和平等保护扩展至已获得自由的奴隶。尽管国
会迅速推翻了约翰逊总统的否决，但《民权法》的支持者则力图要以第十四条修正
案的通过来确保其宪法基础。
第十四条修正案的宽泛笼统的语言强烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲载入宪法的不
是一张具体民法的细目清单，而是一种平等公民权的原则，这一原则禁止有组织的
社会将任何一个个人作为劣等阶层的成员来对待。然而，对于此修正案存在的最初
八十年来说，最高法院对这一修正案的解释却背叛了这一平等理想。例如，在1883
年的“民权诉讼案”中，最高法院发明了“州政府行动”限制，这一限制声称，公
共旅馆和其它商业企业的所有者所作出的对其设施实行种族隔离的“私人”决定，
这类“私人”决定不属第十四条修正案中法律所保证的平等保护的适用范围。
在第二次世界大战之后，一种更有利于平等保护主张的法律氛围以最高法院在
“布朗诉教育委员会”（Brown V.Board of Education）一案中的裁决而臻顶点，
最高法院在此案中裁定，实施种族隔离的学校违反了第十四条修正案的适用范围。
第一，最高法院要求，对采用“怀疑分类”的立法进行格外严格的审查。所谓“怀
疑分类”，意指那种在有可能被理解成以种族为基础，针对某一群体进行的歧视这
一信条扩展了第十四条修正案的适用范围，使其同样也适用于其它的、非种族形式
的歧视。因为虽然某些法官拒不将除种族以外的立法分类裁定为非法的，但绝大多
数法官已经接受了这样一个论点，即至少某些非种族性质的歧视，尤其是性别歧视，
是“值得怀疑的”，并理应接受法庭这种更高程度上的审视。第二，最高法院放松
了州政府行动对第十四条修正案的限制，将各种新的形式的个人行为亦纳入到第十
条修正案的适用范围。
