完形填空是考查语言知识和语篇水平的综合测试方式。要求考生具有一定的阅读理解能力，扎实的语法知识，同时对各类词法、句法、上下文逻辑关系、语义搭配以及写作技巧等还需具有较强的运用能力。选择完形填空与单句选择填空在形式上相似，但考查的内容却包括词汇、语法、阅读和写作等各方面的应用能力。
第一单元 完形填空测试要点
从干扰项的设计来看，近几年完形填空大体有以下特点:
1． 搭配题
1) 名词与介词的搭配，如95年的answers to ( answers __88__the more difficult ones)；
2) 形容词和介词的搭配 be confident in ( the ones __85__which they are most confident)；
3) 动词与介词的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted (Take it __69__ granted that he likes everything),98年的judge …from (We judge race usually __62__ the colouring of the skin), get to work ( before __82__ to work) 和 adapt to ( the easier it will be for them to _____ to the new environment)；
4) 动词和名词的搭配，如98年的 take step ( there may be one more step they have to ___81___ before registering for classes and ___82__ to work) ；
5) 副词与分词的搭配,如98年的well prepared (they may also take one of more examinations that test how _73__ prepared they are for the university)等等。
这些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平时多加注意，在考试中便可轻松应对。
2．短语
另外一类比较简单的选项为短语，这些也大都是约定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart。
3．上下文线索
名词、动词、形容词的选择题中，大多情况下是四个选项没有任何联系，语义差别也比较大，选择时需根据上下文进行语意方面的判断，多数情况下，上下文中有同现和复现现象，考生应注意利用这些提示。
第二单元 完形填空解题技巧
(一)注意词汇知识的运用
完形填空中对词的考查以实词为主，如形容词、动词、副词等。其中有相当一部分词汇题中各个选项之间并无大的联系。这类题要求考生应从上下文的语义入手，根据各选项单词的意思和结构进行选择。
1． 注意动词自身的结构功能
对动词来说，一般从两点设干扰项，一是动词的结构功能，如能不能接宾语，接什么样的宾语，能不能接复合宾语；二是上下文的语义要求。有相当部分选择题考生只从结构上就可做出正确的判断。 如：
① Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward.
76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn
根据动词的句法功能可以判断答案为B。
② Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
根据四个选项的句法功能可以排除A，B两个选项。从常识来看，大学招生时的面试是一项"要求"，而非一项"命令"，所以答案为D。
2． 注意分析动词所包含的肯定/否定含义与上下文的关系
在做动词选择题时，除观察动词自身的结构功能之外，还应注意其语义特点，比如，有的单词含有肯定含义，有的却有否定的含义。考生可借助这一特点，分析具体的上下文。如：
Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys.
75. A. on B. over C. by D. during
76. A. agree B. allow C. force D. persuade
77. A. hurriedly B. soon C. fast D. slowly
78. A. so B. until C. lest D. although
76题动词的选择依赖于上下句意思的需要。从四个选项的结构功能来看，A不对，因为agree后不能接复合宾语。从语意角度来看，A，B包含否定的含义，C，D包含肯定的含义。"不同意/允许孩子马上离开"即阻止孩子离开， 而"不强迫/说服孩子马上离开"即允许孩子离开，只是不采用强制的手段。根据下文"否则孩子会养成狼吞虎咽的习惯以便尽快地回去玩自己的玩具"，答案应是B。可见，动词的选择不仅应看其句法功能，还需根据上下文确定其语义要求。
3．注意分析上下文的情景
结构是为意思服务的，在完形填空中大部分选项只看动词的结构功能是很难判断的，考生应注意分析上下文的情景。对于行为动词的选择应想象当时所发生的事情，根据"目睹的所发生的事情"进行选择。如：
③ The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72__ forward.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
虽然72中的四个动词都能与forward.搭配，但根据飞机在空中如此颠簸的情况，乘客应该是被"抛向前方"。另外，shift一般还表示左右摇摆为多，put forward一般做"提出(建议)"解，move forward是"向前移动"可能是乘客从座位上走下来，向前漫漫移动，与当时飞机上的情形不符。
4． 注意上下句的联系，不要孤立地根据一句进行判断
完形填空不同于"词汇语法填空"之处就于，在完形填空所依赖的上下文比词汇语法填空要大的多。在做完形填空时，考生必胱邢冈亩辽舷挛模胁豢芍黄疽痪涞奶崾窘信卸稀Ｈ纾骸?BR> It later became a custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and ___81__ during an important ceremony at the royal court. (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
81. A. act B. prepare C. respond D. follow
该题中四个选项意思差别很大，也没有结构上的特殊要求，只能根据上下文的意思确定选项。本句所处短文所要说明的是词语的演变问题。该句所表达的是在法语中"etiquette"是一种卡片，用来书写提示，提示客人应该穿什么衣服，以及在仪式上应注意的事项，即言谈举止应注意的问题，再结合下文的to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow可以判断本题答案应是A。
5． 注意词汇与话题的同现
每个单词都有其适应的空间，其适合的话题，与同一话题相连的单词就构成了一个以话题为中心的词汇链。在做完形填空时考生可以借助词汇链的知识帮助完成选择。如
I have no doubt that (virtually) all of these people were __74__ in school that the earth revolves around the sun; (they) may even have written it(on)a test.
74. A. learned B. suggested C. taught D. advised
与学校这个话题相连的动词很多，如teach, learn, study, attend, leave, take, drop out, dismiss等等。根据本题四个选项的特点和74处被动语态的使用，考生可以轻松地判断答案为C。
6. 注意介词的表意功能和搭配功能
完形填空中涉及到介词选择的有两种：一种是常用介词的基本用法；另一种是与介词有关的搭配，测试中以搭配居多，也有部分常用介词用法的考查。在做这类考题时将介词选项的表意功能与上下文结合起来即可。 如：
① He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error.
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
"科学的理论"，of表示"有关"。
② Some geography books focus on a small area __77__ a town or city.
77. A. outside B. as C. except D. like
四个介词无任何相同之处，意思差别很大，根据a small area和 town city之间的列举关系，答案应是D。
③ A geographer might be described __85_ one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places.
85. A. for B. as C. to D. by
表示"作为"的介词是as。
④ They read over the questions __83__ trying to answer any of them.
83. A. after B. besides C. before D. against
阅读问题和回答问题之间所存在的是时间上的前后问题，自然是先阅读问题后回答，所以答案为C。
⑤ People see the "sun" moving __80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary (while) that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
太阳由东向西划过天空，四个选项中只有B，能表示"从一边到另一边"，答案应是B。
7． 根据代词在上下文中的替代作用选择适当的代词
就代词而言，重点是看其在上下文中的替代作用，同时要特别注意that,one等的运用。如：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates __76_ in the laboratory as a means of protection.
76. A. himself B. him C. oneself D. one
这是反身代词的一般用法，句子主语不是泛指的one，C不对，答案为A。
② What he needs is to be fitted with a highly organized university system quite different from __79__ at home.
79. A. those B. what C. which D. that
根据所对比的内容"university system"，可以判断，79所代替的是可数单数特指，说明答案应是D。
③ Never asks a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never _66__ else to do so.
66. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody
本句为否定句，因此应选择非断定词，即答案为B。
④ At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping rather than give him as __74__ as he is likely to eat all at once.
74. A. much B. little C. few D. many
本句所谈论的是一顿饭应该让孩子吃多少，从这一点上来讲，量的表达应用不可数代词，C，D可以排除。从上文中的a small portion来看，这里所要表达是"而不是孩子想吃多少就让他吃多少"， 即 as much as he is likely to eat， 答案为A。
8． 注意词语的搭配，根据搭配选择正确答案
(1) 注意常用短语动词的辨认
动词是构成句子必不可少的成分，作为谓语动词的一部分，短语动词也是十分活跃的成分，在完形填空的考查中占有一定的比重。这类短语有两种考查方式。一是，四个选项中只有一个搭配是正确的，这是最简单的一种；另一种是，四个选项的搭配不只一个正确，这时考生需借助于上下文语义做出适当的判断。试看以下各例：
① The man who (invented) the machines of the Industrial Revolution __76__ from many backgrounds and many occupations.
76. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
该题选项中只有一个可与from搭配，即A。
② At meal times it is a good (idea) to give a child a small portion and let him _73__ back for a second helping rather than give him as (much) as he is likely to eat all at once.
73. A. ask B. come C. return D. take
从搭配上而言，B，D都是正确的，但take back表示"收回前言，承认自己是错误的"，与本题语义不符。这里只表示"回来"，所以答案是B。
③ The word geography __74_ from two Greek words.
74. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes
该题可有两个正确的搭配，但result from表示"起因于"，而这里表示的是单词的来源，答案应该是D。
(2) 注意动词与名词、介词和副词的搭配功能
① The initial effort to recall __77__ the mind for operation.
77. A. leads B. begins C. helps D. prepares
本题答案为D，prepare …for表示"使……做好……准备"。
② The more knowledge students have (about) the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment.
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
使自己适应新的环境应是adapt oneself to 。
③ But they will also __72__ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a (whole).
72. A. pass B. reach C. come D. go
本题中跟与beyond搭配的只有选项D。
④ He is faced in his daily work __80__ differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching.
A. toward B. with C. to D. at
与be faced搭配的介词是with。
⑤ But (if) you were to remove the skin you could not __64__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged.
64.A speak B. talk C. tell D. mention
从搭配功能上讲，只有tell可接something about。
(3)注意形容词与名词的搭配
These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78_ traffic during rush hours.
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
用来修饰traffic的有light/heavy。根据上文中crowded和下文rush hours可以判断这里的正确搭配应是heavy traffic。
(4) 注意名词与介词的搭配
名词与介词所构成的固定搭配是一种常见的语言形式，也是英语完形填空测试中经常涉及的题点。对于这类搭配，考生只要平时注意识记即可。
① But they also (go) beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __73__.
73. A. whole B. part C. unit D. total
本题答案为A，构成as a whole的搭配，意为"作为整体"。
② By the time the easier questions are answered, answers _88__ the more difficult ones will usually come into the consciousness.
88. A. to B. of C. about D. for
本题所考查的实际上是名词与介词的搭配，答案为A。
(5)注意形容词与介词的搭配
① Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77__ for learning the material assigned.
77. A. criticized B. innocent C. responsible D. dismissed
从搭配能力上来看，A，D结构也是正确的，但语义与上下文不和。答案应是C, be responsible for 表示"对……负责"，而上下文所讲的正是"学生应该对自己的学习负起责任"。
② The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become __85_ with the controls of the plane.
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
从搭配上来看，只有B是正确的，另外，从语意角度上讲也应该是B。在机场上空盘旋目的是为了熟悉飞机的驾驶操作，以便安全降落。
③ Then they answer first the ones __85__ which they are most confident.
85. A. of B. with C. for D. in
which所引导的是定语从句，所填介词是从句中介词的提前，根据从句中介词的搭配，答案应是D，"对……很自信"应该是be confident in。
9． 注意区分同义词、近义词和形似词
近几年的四级英语考试对同义词、近义词和形似词的测试逐渐增多。一般四个选项中至少有两个为近义词。对于这类考题，考生除具备一定的词语辨析的能力外，主要是看上下文的语义关系。如：
① They expect students, particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but __84_ that their students should not be too dependent on them.
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
83中collections为"全集、汇编"；selections为"选集"，图书馆的资料不只是选集或汇编，所以该两个选项与语意不符。C，D意思接近，但所指有别，只"源泉、来源"，指"起源、起因"。图书馆所提供的应该是参考材料的源泉，答案应是C。
② These secondary routes may go up steel slopes, along high (cliffs), or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
本题的选择涉及到lie 和lay语义和用法区别以及非谓语动词的用法。表示"坐落"的应该是不及物动词lie, 做定语与被修饰对象之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用现在分词形式，即A。
③ At this moment, the air hostess ___73__. She looked pale, but was quite __74__.
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
73中四个选项都有"出现、显露"方面的意思，但自身的语义特征构成了各自及物不及物的区别。A，B，C 都是及物动词，而这里应用不及物动词，表示"出现"之意，所以答案为D。
74除A外，三个选项意思接近，为近义词。但语义的侧重不同，与人连用时，still表示"站着不动"，quiet表示"安静，不乱说，乱动"，calm则表示人，"镇定、平静"。上文的"脸色苍白"，说明了"恐惧"的存在，而一般在这种状态下，人们的行为会有些失常，表现出不够"镇定"，"不能泰然处之"。句中but的使用，所以，答案应该是C。
④ If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother __67_vegetables in the child s hearing he is _68__ to copy the procedure.
67. A. opposes B. denies C. refuses D. offends
68. A. willing B. possible C. obliged D. likely
67四个选项都具有否定的含义。由上文来看，这里所表示的应该是母亲不喜欢吃蔬菜之类的含义。四个选项中，A搭配不对，因oppose后一般不接表示具体事物的名词。deny表示"拒绝给予"，意思不符，offend表示"冒犯，触怒"，与vegetable搭配不当。refuse表示"拒绝"，即"拒绝吃蔬菜"，为正确选项。
68中有两种选项：A，B表示与"意愿"有关的概念；B，D表示"可能性"。从上下文的语义发展来看，应该是可能性。B，D两个选项中，B句法结构不对，答案为D。
⑤ Human brains are the __68___.
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
四个选项都表示"相同"的概念，对于这四个词的选择，考生不必去分析每个词之间的语义差别，最好是从搭配上入手。四个单词中只有same与定冠词连用，答案自然是A。
⑥ Long before they graduate from high school, these students take special _72__ to prepare for advanced study.
72. A. courses B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
除B之外，其它三个选项都与"课程"有关，subject是"学科""科目"， major表示"专业"， course意为"课程"。另外从搭配来看，能与take搭配的也只是选项A。
⑦Some high school students may be _76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
A，D为形似词，意思差别很大，考生要注意区分。根据招生的安排，大学老师与考生见面并非强制性行为，而是对报考考生的一个要求，答案为D。
⑧They are _78__ to show that they have a good attitude and the _79__ to succeed.
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
78中四个选项都可表示"决定"，但能构成be + ved结构的却只有D。从语义角度上讲，面试考生要展示的是自己的能力，而非可能性。A与能力似乎有点联系，但具体地来说，表示的是"权利"，"能源"，所以79题的正确选项应该是B。
10． 运用语法知识
四级完形填空中也相当一部分是考查语法的试题，主要集中在虚拟语气、定语从句和状语从句和倒装句。
(1)根据虚拟语气选择时态
If all places __87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
本题是对虚拟从句中时态的考查。首先，从主句的时态可以判断这是个虚拟条件句，从句中应该使用虚拟语气。四个选项中只有D是虚拟语气的结构，答案为D。
(2)根据句子的虚拟条件选择连词
Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89__ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before.
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
本题所考查的是虚拟条件从句与其它从句的区别。从上下文的语义和主从句的时态可以判断，这里是虚拟语气，答案为B。
(3) 正确判断定语从句
只有当确定定语从句以后，才能正确地选择关系词。在定语从句的确定中，首先确定关联词所连接的是一简单句，并列句还是从句，尤其是在两句之间有逗号相隔的情况下。如：
① The word geography (comes) from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for "earth", and graphein, __75_ means "to write".
75. A. what B. that C. which D. it
可以判断the Greek word for "earth",为同位语，用来说明解释 ge， 从句法结构的对称来看graphein 后也应该是用来解释说明graphein的，这就说明，graphein后不是一个简单句，而是一个定语从句，从逗号的使用可以很容易判断，并且是一个非限制性定语从句，说明答案为C。
② He invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of ____ were professors.
A. them B. whom C. which D. those
这句话涉及定语从句的辨别。如果填them，就成了一个简单句，但两句之间没有连词，不符合英语的句法要求。如果填whom则为非限制性定语从句，对主句内容进行补充说明。
(4) 注意定语从句的关系词的运用
有时，四个选项都是定语从句的关系词，很显然是考查定语从句关系词的使用。在关系词的选择中可从两点去考虑，一是先行词为何，二是关系词在定语从句中的作用。如：
① Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place __88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a (chance) to get a fresh, clean (view) of the world.
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
这一个定语从句关系词的考查题。其中三个选项都可做定语从句的关系词。根据定语从句的先行词，以及先行词在从句中的作用，可以判断，本题答案为D。
② The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything (in) the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
先行词是something， 关系词在从句中做主语，说明，关系词应该是that，即A。
③ These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with (heavy) traffic during rush hours, __79_ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that (CET4-90.1)
从句所表达的是什么时候这种直接快捷的高速公路变得如此缓慢，是对的解释，先行词为时间，关系词在从句中做状语，说明答案为A。
(5)根据定语从句的关系词判断先行词
如先行词不同，关系词也随着不同，只有当先行词为表示地点时关系词才可用where。所以从关系词的使用情况可以判断先行词的类别。四六级完形填空中不乏此类的考题。如：
① This is thought to be a __89__ where further study is called (for).
89. A. scope B. field C. range D. district
根据关系词where和从句中所表示的"研究",可以确定先行词应该是field"领域"。
② The __62_ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (attractively) served meal will often improve a child s appetite.
62. A. procedure B. process C. way D. method
定语从句的关系词省略，关系词在从句中又不做任何成分，说明先行词一定是way。
(6) 根据先行词的修饰语判断从句中副词的使用
当定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，从句中应该用完成时态并且用ever。如果了解这一规律，下面一题可轻松解答。
The largest brain _71__ examined belonged to a person of weak (mind).
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
初看，这里没有什么定语从句，实际上，分词做定语与从句做定语概念是一样的，只是结构的差别而已。这里的分词做定语就相当于that had ever been examined，因此，考生还是可以按照定语从句的规律来判断。
(7)根据上下文的逻辑关系判断状语从句连词的使用
① It shook violently _89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly (along) the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
飞机着陆与剧烈振动之间既有因果关系，又有时间上的关系，但没有条件的关系，因为这里所描述的是具体发生的事情。如为因果，则着陆为因，振动为果；D因果倒置，不对。表示时间的连词while从句中一般与持续性动词或状态动词连用，表示一个动作在另一个动作的过程之中发生，显然与本句的情况不符。答案应是A，as表示同时发生。
② Did you ever have someone s name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? __71__ this happens again, do not (try) to recall it.
71. A. As B. When C. While D. Whether
71所表示的应该是表示时间的副词。A，B，C都可连接时间状语从句，其中A强调同时发生；C强调主句谓语动词在从句谓语动词的进行之中发生，两者都与本题不符，答案应该是When。
③ Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food __61_ it is badly cooked.
61. A. if B. until C. that D. unless
从意思上讲，孩子喜欢与不喜欢某一饭菜和饭菜做的质量之间应该是条件或因果的关系。从本句所表达的方式来看应该是"除非饭菜做的不好，孩子是很少会不喜欢的"，由此看来，答案应该是D。
④ The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. _71__ these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections), a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable) one.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
从句介绍高速公路的优点，而主句提出其不足，前后显然是转折的关系，从句为让步状语从句，答案为A。
(8) 注意分析连词在从句中的作用和语意要求。
① We know, however, __88__ no two places are exactly the same.
88. A. although B. be C. whether D. that
从结构上看，空格后为宾语从句，A，B不能引导宾语从句，可以排除。从句中没有疑问或判断的意思，所以答案应该是D。
② Professors do not have the time to explain __81_ a university library works.
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
空格后表示解释的内容，自然是做宾语的，为宾语从句。从连词和句子的关系来看，应该是表示方式，即解释如何使用图书馆，答案为D。
(9)注意倒装的条件
英语中主谓倒装的情况很多，如，only + 状语置于句首倒装，含有否定意味的词置于句首倒装；so表示某人也如何；neither/nor表示某人也不如何，置于句首倒装，虚拟语气中条件句if省略，将were/should/had置于句首等等。这几年的完形填空中对倒装语序的考查集中在nor的使用上。如：
① Human brains are the (same). No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (vary) in size, but this occurs within every race. __70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
② Under __79__ circumstance must a child be coaxed (or) forced to eat.
79. A. some B. such C. such D. no
以上两题中都是采用了倒装语序。而四个选项中只有一个为否定词。按照含有否定意味的词提前，主谓倒装的原则，两题都应选择否定词。第一题答案为C，表示人脑的大小同智力也没有什么关系；第二题答案为D，表示在任何情况下都不应该强迫或哄骗孩子进食。
(二) 运用篇章技巧
一个完整的语篇，一篇内容充实，结构合理，行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法，更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文，同学们在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空毕竟不同于单项选择，作为一个意思连贯，结构完整的语篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解题中至关重要的手段。
1. 运用词汇复现技巧：
复现有原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现等。完形填空中，考生可以利用上下文的复现信息，确定正确的表达方式。
1) 原词复现
为了表达的需求，在具体的上下文中同一概念重复出现。考生可以借助于上下文中这一信息选择答案。如：
① It can be said that foreign __74__ that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also (creates) problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual.……… Both the visiting professor and his students (lack) background in each others culture.
74. A. situation B. background C. circumstances D. condition
四个选项都表示"情况"的概念,而一个外籍老师的"情况"又该用什么词来表达,通过文章后半部的阅读考生就不难发现background一词，便可判断此处答案为B。
② As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. ……… Moving the pilot (aside), the man took his seat and listened carefully to the (urgent) instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport (below). The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone s (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. ……… Following __88___, the man guided the plane toward the airfield.
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
88. A. impressions B. information C. inspections D. instructions
从上文中的circled可以推断84"在机场上盘旋"应该是B。从上文中listened to the instructions可以判断88为D。这样，84为上文中circle的复现；follow instructions 为listen to instructions的复现。
③ Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and __74__ a new meaning. ……… So, in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to __77_ the small tags which a store (attached ) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, (however), gradually developed a different meaning. ……… (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
74. A. developed B. pick C. change D. bases
77. A. show B. indicate C. hold D. design
一个单词出现的新的意思，用来表示什么表达方式可以从下文的复现信息(黑体字)判断。这样考生就用不着为各选项之间的辨析而头痛。
2) 同义词、近义词复现
同义词，近义词是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文语意得以连接起来。做完形填空时，考生应注意分析上下文中出现的解释性语言。如：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students.………… It is the __80__responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library.
A. student s b. professor s C. assistant s D. librarian s
从前面的responsibilities for learning lie with the students可以判断查找材料也应该是"学生"的责任，所以答案为A。
② That "something special" was men --- (creative) individuals who could invent machines, ………… The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution (came) from many backgrounds and many occupations.………… Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
从上下文来看，这一部分所谈论的是人发明机器的事情。从复现信息(黑体字)，可以推断，76、87都应该是与发明有关的词语。从这一点出发，就不难判断，76答案为B；87 答案为B。
③ An inventor or one interested in applied science is (usually) trying to make something that has a concrete __83__.
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
applied science 即"应用科学"，从apply一词可以看出下文复现的应该是 "用"这一概念，所以83答案为C。
3) 反义词复现
语意的连贯有时通过对比的结构采用反义复现的手段，或者是以反义的方式对前文加以解释。在考试中，考生应注意分析这类概念复现，从反义的角度判断正确的选项。
① Forcing yourself to recall (almost) never helps because it doesn t ____ your memory; it only tightens it.
81. A. loosen B. weaken C. decrease D. reduce
前后两部分互为解释，一为肯定，一为否定，为反义复现。从下文的tighten可以判断，上文应该是选loosen。
② There are four types of blood. __67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
并列连词and说明前后语意一致，那么，前后应该是反义复现，与no 反义的自然是A(all) 。
4) 同源词复现
对于上下文语意复现的表达，考生还借助复现信息的同源词。如以下各例：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students. If a long reading assignment is given, the instructors expect students to be familiar with the (information) in the reading …………When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (minimum) guidance.
78. A. collected B. assigned C. distributed D. finished
该部分作者通过两个例子说明，应该有学生负责自己的学习，都是从"布置作业"方面解释。说明布置阅读作业时要求学生如何；布置研究作业时又该要求学生如何。两个例子概念复现，借助于give reading assignment的表达方式，可以确定78应该是B，构成assign research的结构。
② (Although) these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections) ………… others are uneven road __85__ through the country.
85. A. driving B. curving C. crossing D. travelling
上文中提高高速公路上的弯道时用的是curve，85复现"弯道"的概念，用的应该是与curve有关的动词，即curving。
5) 上义词复现
上义词具有概括的作用。在写作中，有时为了表达的需要，作者会先概述，再分述。概述时用的为上义词，分述则用比较具体的下义词。在解答完形填空时，考生应注意分析这中分总关系，选择适当的表达方式。
① Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of (man) other objectives.
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
冒号后自然是对上文的解释，从解释的内容来看，三者统一于一个概念之下：specific为具体，所以答案为D。
② Consider the everyday English __87__ "Goodbye".
87. A. expression B. statement C. proverb D. conversation
Goodbye为所填之词的同位语，goodbye 为下义词，其上义词应该是A，expression。
2．运用词汇同现技巧
同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇当中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求与之相连的词汇。由于单词意义的差别、所使用的语域不同，因此所适应的上下文也各有别。为了保证语篇的和谐性，得体性，有必要一话题为中心，了解有相关单词组成的词汇链。
1)场所同现
① This is thought to be a __89_ where further study is called (for).
89. A. a scope B. field C. range D. district
"研究"就有研究的"领域"、研究的"课题"、从事研究的"人员"。所以" 研究"与"领域"是同现，答案自然就是B。
② Another (way) to divide the study of __80__ is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the _81__ starts with human beings and _82___ how human beings and their environment act (upon) each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __84__ branch can neglect the other.
80. A. world B. earth C. globe D. geography
81. A. second B. next C. later D. latter
82. A. learns B. studies C. realizes D. understands
84. A. neither B. to C. one D. by
从文章主题(也就是话题)来看，本短文所谈论的是"地理"。地理作为一门"科学"有其"研究"的内容。所以，geography, science, study是同现词汇, 80答案为D，这从下文分述中的复现也可证明；82答案为B，是同现动词。
从上文former的使用可以推断82答案为D，因former与latter为结构同现。
最后the other的使用说明只有两个，况且这一段所讨论的就是两种地理观的区别，那么两者都不自然就是neither， 也就是说neither与the other本来是同现关系。
2)修饰同现
③ (Although) these wide modern roads are generally __72__ and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable one).
72. A. stable B. smooth C. splendid D. complicated
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
本题涉及到名词同现和形容词同现。与高速公路同现的形容词自然应该是"平坦"，有高速公路同现的名词自然有路段。由此来判断可知72答案为B，74答案为D。
3)因果同现
④ Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with __78_ traffic during rush hours.
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
道路的作用是连接人们有去之处,目的是为了交通,因此,highways, connect, traffic为同现词汇，而与traffic同现的形容词有light, heavy。由此可见77答案为B，78答案可为C，也可为D。但与rush hour同现的却只能是heavy traffic，所以78题答案为D。
4)结构同现
⑤ _84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads (curving) through the country.
84. A. All B. Lots C. Several D. Some
如果考生熟悉some与others结构上的同现关系，就用不着在分析数量上下功夫，答案自然可得。
⑥ Never ask a child __64__ he likes or dislikes a food and never (discuss) likes and dislikes in front of or allow (anyone) else to do so.
64. A. whether B. what C. that D. which
本题考查的乃是结构同现，与or 搭配的只有whether，即A。
5)同义同现
⑦ If a student has problem with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
89. A. greet B. attach C. approach D. annoy
90. A. or B. and C. to D. but
90 与either构成结构同现 either … or，89与make an appointment为近义同现。make an appointment就是approach(接近)老师的一种方式，所以89题答案为C.
(三) 逻辑关系
一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语，是保证文章连贯和谐，保证文章逻辑的有效手段。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑，同学们在做完形填空时通过自己对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，然后选择正确的转承语。因此同学们有必要掌握各种转承语的用法。
完形填空的目的不是阅读，而是根据阅读掌握的信息恢复作者写作的原貌。从转承语上来说，即要求考生根据文章的语意发展和逻辑关系，确定适当的词语。
转承语与连词不同。连词一般是句子层面上的东西，要求考生所理解的是一句中主从句之间的语意联系，而转承语要求考生掌握的是语篇层面上的东西，考生需根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系才能确定适当的表达方式。因此，在转承语的选择上，同学们要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容，从整体上去把握。试看下列例题：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates (himself) in the laboratory as a means of protection; __77_, what he needs is to be fitted (with) a highly organized university system quite different from (that) at home.
77. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also
外籍研究学者习惯于将自己关闭在实验室之内，而他们所需要的却是溶入与他们原来所处的教育体系不同的体系之内。从上下文来看，两句的关系为转折，所以答案为C。
② …………a geographer might be described (as) one who observes, records, and explains the (differences) between places. If all places (were) alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, (that) no two places are exactly the same. Geography, __89_, is a point of view, a special way of (looking) at places.
89. A. still B. then c. nevertheless D. moreover
在讨论了对地理学的研究之后，于文章的最后结论道，"地理学也是一种观点，一种观察不同地区的特殊方法"。由此可见，89 答案为B。
③ In the United States, professor have many other duties (besides) teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87__ the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (limited).
87. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
因为教授们的工作很多，不只是教学，所以他们能与学生在一起的时间比较有限。从上下文的逻辑关系来看，应该是因果关系，答案为C。
④ The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone s (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. __86__ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible (moment) came when he had to land.
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
飞机又爬到空中，在机场盘旋了几次，"驾驶员"也熟悉了飞机的操作，似乎危险已过，但情况远非如此。从下文中所介绍的飞机降落时的情况可以看出86答案应该是C。
⑤ Students find preparatory method helpful (in) examinations. They read over the questions (before) trying to answer any of them. __84___ they answer first the ones (in) which they are most confident. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking (place); work is being done on the (less) difficult question. By the time the easier questions are answered, answers (to) the more difficult ones will begin to come into consciousness.
84. A. Thus B. But C. Therefore D. Then
这里介绍了在解答问题时"准备工作"的重要性。学生在回答问题之前先阅读所有的问题，然后先回答比较容易的，比较容易的问答完之后，对难的问题的答案也就自然而然地在大脑总出现。这反映出预先阅读的重要性。考生在把所有这些读清楚之后，就自然会清楚84处所表示的 时间上的关系，也就可以判断答案为D。
⑥ A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply - all these were important (factors) in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72___ they were not enough. Something (else) was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men.
72. A. But B. Besides C. And D. Even
文章首先介绍财富，资源，劳动力在工业革命中的作用，然后笔锋一转提出文章的主题，发明机器的人。从这关系上看，72处应是转折连词。答案为A。
⑦ The word "etiquette", which is (of) French origin and originally meant a label, (or) a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to (indicate) the small tags which a store (attaches) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, __79__, gradually developed a different meaning. It __80__ became the custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and (act) during an important ceremony at the royal court. __82_, the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
79. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. furthermore
80. A. late B. lately C. latest D. later
82. A. Nevertheless B. Also C. Yet D. Thus
这一部分介绍了语言中单词意思的变化。列举了两种情况，一种是单词意思没有变化，另一种是发生了变化，因此两者之间的关系为对比，从文章叙述的逻辑来看是转折，79答案为B。在介绍单词意思变化时介绍了"etiquette"在法语中的变化过程。这个变化过程是一个时间的过程，80答案为D。在介绍"etiquette"的意思变化时通过一种习俗加以说明，上下为因果关系，82答案为D。
(四)根据文章的类型结构解答完形填空
四六级完形填空多以说明文和议论文为主，说明文，议论文一般采用分类、比较对照、因果、例证等方式谋篇。正确把握文章的结构类型有助于文章的理解，也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任务是在正确理解短文的基础上再现作者的语言表达方式。为此，同学们应注意加强文章谋篇布局的分析。
1．四级完形填空的段落类型
1) 比较对照型
比较对照是四六级英语考试完形填空中比较常用的一种段落格式。在解答这类完形填空时考生应注意利用比较对照模式所提供的信息，包括对比项各自的特点，语言表达的方式，由于对比的出现，很容易出现复现现象，考生应注意利用这些信息，帮助解答完形填空。如：
The United States is well known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time._71__ these wide modern roads are generally _72__ and well maintained, with __73_ sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most __75___ one. Large highways often pass __76___ scenic areas and interesting small town. Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78__ traffic during rush hours, __79__ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
However, there is __80__ always-another route to take __81_ you are not in hurry. Not far from the __82__ new "super highways", there are often older, __83_ heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside . __84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads __85_ through the country. These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high __86_, or down frightening hillsides to towns __87_ in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go place __88__ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have __89___ to get a fresh, clean __90__ of the world.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
72. A. stable B. splendid C. smooth D. complicated
73. A. little B. few C. much D. many
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
75. A. terrible B. enjoyable C. possible D. profitable
76. A. to B. into C. over D. by
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. light C. fast D. heavy
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that
80. A. yet B. still C. almost D. quite
81. A. unless B. as C. if D. since
82. A. relatively B. regularly C. respectively D. reasonably
83. A. and B. less C. more D. or
84. A. All B. Several C. Lots D. Some
85. A. driving B. crossing C. curving D. traveling
86. A. rocks B. cliffs C. roads D. paths
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
89. A. space B. chance C. period D. spot
90. A. view B. variety C. visit D. virtue
参考答案为：71. A 72. C 73. B 74. D 75. C
76. D 77. B 78. D 79. A 80. C
81. B 82. A 83. B 84. D 85. C
86. B 87. A 88. D 89. C 90. A
再如95年6月四级完形填空中的两段。从Many of them were (more) inventors than scientists.可以看出，下文将要比较发明家与科学家的不同。带着这个问题阅读，就很容易掌握文章的信息，就不难读懂纯理论科学家注重的是研究的准确性，而发明家注重的是实用。根据上下文的对照关系可以很轻松地确定答案。
The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77__ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79_ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research ___80__. He is not necessarily working __81___ that his findings can be used.
An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82___ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86__ other objectives.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
参考答案 ：
76．B 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. D
82. C 83. B 84. A 85. D 86. C
下面一段完形填空选自98年1月份的四级英语考题。在说明脑子的大小与智力无关时采用的对比的方式，这种结构本身就说明的73题的答案。由于例证是用来说明智力与大脑的关系，就使的72成分复现现象。可见掌握语篇的结构模式对理解和语言再现的作用。
There are four types of blood. _67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __68__. No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __69__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __70__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __71__ examined belonged to a person of weak __72__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have __73__ brains. Mental tests which are reasonably __74__ show no differences intelligence between races.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
69. A. remain B. increase C. decrease D. vary
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
72. A. health B. body C. mind D. thought
73. A. big B. small C. minor D. major
74. A. true B. exact C. certain D. accurate
2) 程序型段落
程序型段落指按照操作程序的顺序写就的段落，如实验过程的介绍等。98.6四级的完形填空介绍的就是高中学生从中学备考到大学录取到高校报到注册的一个过程。学生在阅读时只要能抓住这个程序，文章就不难理解，完形填空答案的确定也就有了可靠的依据。
The task of being accepted and enrolled in a university begins early for some students, long __71__ they graduate from high school. These students take special __72__ to prepare for advanced study. They may also take one of more examinations that test how __73__ prepared they are for the university.
In the final year of high school, they ___74__ applications and send them, with their student records, to the universities which they hope to __75__.
Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university. Neatly __77__, and usually very frightened, they are __78___ to show that they have a good attitude and the __79__ to succeed.
When the new students are finally __80__, there may be one more step they have to __81__ before registering for classes and __82__ to work. Many colleges and universities __83__ an orientation program for new students. __84__ these programs, the young people get to know the __85__ for registration and student advising, university rules, the __86__ of the library and all the other __87__services of the college or university.
Beginning a new life in a new place can be very __88__. The more knowledge students have __89__ the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment. However, it takes time to get used to college life.
71. A. as B. after C. since D. before
72. A. course B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
73. A. deeply B. widely C. well D. much
74. A. fulfil B. finish C. complete D. accomplish
75. A. attend B. participate C. study D. belong
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
77. A. decorated B. dressed C. coated D. worn
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted
81. A. make B. undergo C. take D. pass
82. A. getting B. putting C. falling D. sitting
83. A. offer B. afford C. grant D. supply
84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On
85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions
86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility
87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great
88. A. amusing B. misleading C. alarming D. confusing
89. A. before B. about C. on D. at
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
3) 时间型段落
时间型的段落属记叙性文体，文章以时间为顺序介绍事情的发展过程。在做这类完形填空时，考生应注意抓住时间这个线索，把握整个事情的发展过程，弄清各种事情的前因后果。94年1 月份的四级考题中完形填空所采用的就是时间型段落。
As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72___ forward. At the moment, the air-hostess ___73___. She looked very pale, but was quite __74___. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she __75__ everyone that the pilot had ___76__ and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines --- or at __77___ how to drive a car. After a moment s __78__, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot s cabin.
Moving the pilot __79___, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the ___80__ instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport __81___. The plane was now dangerously close __82__ the ground, but to everyone s __83___, it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become __85___ with the controls of the plane. __86___ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible __87__ came when he had to land. Following __88__, the man guided the plane to ward the airfield. It shook violently __89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly __90___ the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
75. A. inquired B. insured C. informed D. instructed
76. A. fallen B. failed C. faded D. fainted
77. A. best B. least C. length D. first
78. A. hesitation B. surprise C. doubt D. delay
79. A. back B. aside C. about D. off
80. A. patient B. anxious C. urgent D. nervous
81. A. beneath B. under C. down D. below
82. A. to B. by C. near D. on
83. A. horror B. trust C. pleasure D. relief
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
87. A. moment B. movement C. idea D. affair
88.A.impression B. information C. inspections D. instructions
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
90. A. around B. over C. along D. above
2． 段落类型在完形填空中的运用
段落类型的知识不仅有利于短文的理解，帮助学生掌握文章的语意发展逻辑，掌握文章的细节内容，学生也可根据段落类型所提供的信息确定完形填空的选项。
1) 根据段落类型确定适当的转承语
不同的段落类型有不同的叙述逻辑，也因此有各自的转承语。正确分辨段落的类型有助于转承语的选择。比如下面一篇介绍在家办公的文章，文章介绍的在家办公的好处和出现的问题。在介绍利和弊的时候采用的对比的方式，先介绍在家工作给人们带来的好处，接着另起一段介绍在家工作所面临的问题。在说明在家工作的益处时采用了例证的方式，采取渐升的叙述逻辑。从转承语的一致性上来看，叙述在家工作的益处时所采用的转承语为：For one thing --- For another ----Most agreeable of all，当叙述在家工作所带来的问题时采用的是举例方式，列举了四个不利之处，从问题的情况和叙述的逻辑来看，同样是渐升的顺序，其转承语为For example --- Besides ---- Then again---- the main problem。
The revolution in computer and telephone technology has made it a ___1__ for business people to work at home, and this has brought about much ___2___ and pleasure to the people.Generally, people enjoy working at home for the following ___3__. For one thing, they not only __4__ time by not having to travel long distance to work every day but save money on __5___ and business clothes. ___6__, suffering less stress from their employers, they think __7__ clearly and can be more creative in the quiet peaceful atmosphere of their home. __8__ agreeable of all, they have the ___9__ to decide for themselves how and when to do their job, __10__ permits them to spend more time with their family.___11__ as is often the case, working at home allows of much more freedom than working at office, some people who work at home admit there are ___12__. ___13__, they, more often, can not separate their personal life and their _14___ life. __15__, the loneliness from the lack of person-to-person ___16__ and new ideas is more likely to __17__ some mental illness. Then again, there is a problem of holidays. Perhaps, the __18__ problem with working at home is that some people __19__ get a day off. To solve the above mentioned __20__, people who work at home may well organize their work schedule, leaving adequate time for making human communication. In fact, working at home has provided them with much more freedom to participate in social activities.
1. A. reality B. dream C. problem D. convenience
2. A. problem B. trouble C. convenience D. worry
3. A. reasons B. benefits C. convenience D. profits
4. A. cost B. consume C. waste D. save
5. A. transportation B. travel C. appointments D. calls
6. A. Secondly B. What s more C. For another D. However
7. A. more B. less C. no more D. no less
8. A. Least B. Most C. Not D. Really
9. A. time B. chance C. freedom D. right
10. A. it B. which C. this D. that
11. A. However B. In contrast C. While D. Then
12. A. advantages B. problems C. troubles D. benefits
13. A. First B. For example C. For one thing D. Because
14. A. private B. office C. family D. working
15. A. Besides B. Instead C. However D. Therefore
16. A. talk B. communication C. contact D. chat
17. A. produce B. cause C. make D. create
18. A. most B. last C. main D. major
19. A. always B. sometimes C. never D. frequently
20. A. problems B. situations C. circumstances D. questions
2) 根据段落类型寻找复现、同现信息
以上面的完形填空为例，从整体上说，文章采用了对比的方式叙述了在家工作的利弊，似乎第一段的最后应该是对此的概括，但从同现的关系来看，两个相反的概念一般是不能有并列连词and连接的，第二题答案应该是C。
文章在提到在家工作的利弊时以人们的亲身感受的方式提出，说明1题答案为A。从第二段的四个列举的情况来看，所介绍的都是在家工作的好处，所以3是上义词同现，答案为B。
根据单词的复现现象，可以确定9答案为C(allows of much more freedom than 中freedom为复现)， 16答案为B(leaving adequate time for making human communication.中communication为复现)，20答案为A(the __18__ problem with working at home 中freedom为前复现)
文中并列成分之间的比较也给答案的选择提供的应有的复现信息，如根据they not only ___4__ time by not having to travel long distance to work every day but save money on __5___ and business clothes中可以推断4答案为D(save)，5 答案为A (transportation)。
10题为语法题，所选应是非限制性定语从句的引导词，答案为B，17题为动宾搭配题，答案为B。从第二段叙述的主题来看，19应是在家工作的不利之处，答案为C，既然谈论的话题是在家工作，那么14应该是working life即 D。
本完形填空，上下两段分别叙述在家工作的利弊，前后对比，从这一点上讲考生很容易在11处填However, In contrast之类，答案如考虑一下该句自身的结构，就不难发现，这是一个主从复合句，所选的为从句连词，而非篇章转承语，答案为C。
再如90年1月的四级考试完形填空。短文中，作者将美国的高速公路与老式的普通公路进行比较。两段之间However的使用将上下两段衔接起来，也提示出叙述的重点。如果考生在阅读过程中能注意两种公路的情况对比，就不难发现以下对比的信息，相当一部分题的答案也自明，如72，78，85。两种道路的比较也说明了其中比较级的使用，根据这一点，考生就可以确定83提的答案。
高速公路(modern highways) 普通公路 (old two-lane roads)
平坦 (smooth) 高低不平 (uneven)
路段笔直(straight sections, with few sharp curves) 弯弯曲曲 (curving through the country)
路经风景区，连接繁华的城市(go by scenic areas, connecting large urban centers)
穿行于乡村，怕山坡，下陡坡 (curving through the country, up steep slopes and down frightening hillsides)
交通拥挤，尤其是在高峰期(crowded with heavy traffic, especially during rush hours)
车辆不多,可以悠闲地呼吸新鲜空气,欣赏优美的景色(light traffic,chance to get a fresh, clean view of the world)
3) 从段落类型入手把握文章内容
完形填空首先是阅读理解。如果考生能了解段落的结构模式，对掌握文章的具体内容是十分有帮助的。如，时间型段落段落以记叙为主。对于这类段落，考生要象看电影似地阅读。阅读时似乎看到故事中发生的一幕一幕。比如，上面所示94年1月四级考题。抓住时间这个脉络，将前后发生的事情联系起来，考生就不难对事件获得一个完整的印象：驾驶员突然晕倒，无法驾驶飞机，飞机突然颠簸起来，乘客被颠地前仰后合，于是空姐走进机舱，问是否有人懂的驾驶。一位男子主动出来帮忙，他随着空姐走进驾驶舱，将驾驶员移到一边，边听着机场发来的指示开始操纵飞机，飞机在机场上空爬上爬下，还几乎着地，在机场上空盘旋几次以后，该男子逐渐熟悉了飞机的驾驶，最后终于安全降落。如果考生在阅读过程中能想象出当时的情景，理解就不会出现误差，很多答案便自然轻松可得。该完形填空答案如下：
71. A 72. B 73. D 74. C 75. C 76. D 77. B 78. A 79. B 80. C
81. D 82. A 83. D 84. B 85. B 86. C 87. A 88. D 89. A 90. C
完形填空能力的提高以语言知识、词汇知识、句法知识、语法知识、篇章结构知识为基础。在平时的词汇学习中应注意以话题为中心，培养词汇的同现意识。另外，在进行阅读时注意分析各类文章的叙事逻辑，同时加强写作训练。语言能力的发展是一个综合能
